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Cross-Cultural Communication [CCC] Presented by: Norio Ota Department of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics York University Prologue: recent events US submarine and sunk Ehime-maru U.S. spy plane and downed Chinese jet fighter Japan & China - demanding apologies Offering apologies - common courtesy “Sorry for what happened.” Offering apologies - admitting guilt and responsibility [U.S.] CCC Exercises Bowing with greetings Counting numbers with hands Eye-contact Chiming-in Negative questions and Yes and No Other nonverbal communication What is Cross-Cultural Communication? Communication is CCC. CCC is Discipline. CCC is Action. CCC is Practice. – Networking. – Globalization. – Sustainability. – Multi-culturalism. Communication is CCC. CCC bridges gaps between sub-cultures. Every institution has its own sub-culture. Family, marriage, friendship, school Cross-gender Cross-generation Cross-occupation Cross-position University: Students, Staff, Faculty, Techies, Administrators… CCC is Discipline. CCC is an interdisciplinary discipline. CCC cuts across human activities. CCC sheds light on unnoticed aspects. CCC can explain why and how people behave. CCC is applicable to other cultural and subcultural situations. CCC is Action. CCC is not a theory, but an action. CCC requires knowledge, training and application. CCC enhances cross-cultural communicative competence. CCC improves 1st and 2nd language communicative ability. Nonverbal communication CCC is Practice. Networking Globalization Sustainability Multi-culturalism Anti-racism World peace CCC is Networking. CCC helps to network horizontally and vertically. CCC becomes foundation for communication network. Network is evolutionary. CCC breaks through isolationism. CCC reduces racism. CCC is Globalization. CCC prepares people to manage and survive in new environment. CCC creates people who share similar values. CCC appreciates both similarities and differences. CCC is instrumental to world peace. CCC is Sustainability. CCC enhances knowledge and understanding other cultures. CCC appreciates diversities and different values. CCC creates sustainable environment for individual cultures. CCC fights against marginalization in globalization. CCC is Multi-culturalism. CCC promotes multi-culturalism and antiracism. CCC enhances cross-racial understanding, knowledge and communication. CCC has niche in Canada because of its diversity and policies. CCC makes Mosaic possible. Contrastive Approach Key notions to describe Japanese culture, society and psyche Japanese vs. English Video – Giving and Receiving Favors – Education Japanese vs. English Cognitive/Discourse/Textual Japanese holistic general descriptive situational context-dependent elliptical English analytic specific explanatory less situational context-independent exhaustive [redundant] Japanese vs. English Sociolinguistic/Pragmatic Japanese formal indirect [indecisive] rank-conscious submissive concessive agreeable [understanding] appreciative apologetic modest [reserved] responsive less exclamatory less derogative less rewarding English informal direct [decisive] egalitarian independent self-determined competitive [challenging,provocative] less appreciative self-righteous boastful [proud] less responsive exclamatory [exaggerative] derogative rewarding Japanese vs. English Psycholinguistic Japanese Introversive [inconspicuous] collective subjective [intuitive] emotional [sentimental] pessimistic [negative] retrospective English extroversive [conspicuous] individualistic objective [logical] rational optimistic [positive] prospective Case Studies Rules of Conversation – Monologue vs. Dialogue Accountability – Accountability vs. Responsibility – Informed Consent Negotiation – – – – Genuine concerns Achievement Majority support Compromise Epilogue CCC starts right at home. Speaking the same language with different subcultures Effort in finding out about others How far do you go? – Beyond cultural relativism – Establishing inclusive but critical and selective common criteria References Benedict, Ruth (1946) The Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture, Boston. Christopher, Robert (1984) Japanese Mind, Pan. Hall, Edward T. & Mildred Reed Hall (1987) Hidden Differences: Doing Business with the Japanese, New York: Anchor Press. Nakane, Chie (1970) Japanese Society, Penguin. Sakamoto, Nancy & Naotsuka, Reiko (1982) Polite Fictions: Why Japanese and Americans seem rude to each other, Tokyo: Kinseido. Contact Norio Ota Coordinator, Japanese & Computing Department of Languages, Literatures and Linguistics York University Phone: (416)736-5016 x88750 Fax: (416)736-5483 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://buna.yorku.ca/