Download Modes of communications

Communication and
Interpersonal Skills
Lecture 2
By Adel Ali
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Kinds of Communication:
1.
Social communication:
◦ Unplanned.
◦ Used while giving nursing care, for example dressing.
2.
Structured communication:
◦ Planned.
◦ For example: teaching client how to perform foot
hygiene, or how to inject himself insulin.
3.
Therapeutic communication:
◦ Planned or unplanned.
◦ Used by nurse in many situations, for example to
relieve anxiety and fear.
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Modes of communications:

Verbal communication:
◦ Refers to spoken or written words.
◦ Direction for using verbal communication:
 Select words or vocabulary suitable to patient educational
level.
 Use clear words. Clarity is achieved by speaking slowly.
 Use simple common words rather than technical ones.
 Resend your message briefly, without unnecessary details to
avoid confusion about what is important and what is less
important.
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Modes of communications:
 Verbal communication:
◦ Requisites of effective verbal message:
Simplicity: less interpretation.
Brevity: brief to the point.
Clarity: avoid medical terms.
Appropriate timing.
Relevance.
Adaptability: it includes the ability to phrase the
communication in a language the receiver can
understand.
 Credibility: believable, honesty, reliable.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Is the process of communicating through sending
and receiving wordless messages.
◦ It indicate how the body is used while
communicate.
◦ Such messages can be communicated physical
appearance, posture and gait, facial expression,
eye contact, gesture, touch, sounds and body
position.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Body language is a useful way of communication
because:
 It communicates in a clear and forceful manner.
 It conveys meanings independently, and can contradict verbal
communication.
 It can complement, emphasize, or reinforce the verbal message.
 It communicates information involuntary, and thus it is
considered to be more accurate expression of true feeling.
 It helps persons judge the reliability of the verbal message.
 It can create a visual impression in case when words are not
readily descriptive.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Elements of non-verbal communication:
 Physical appearance:
 It is the first thing that is observed during an interpersonal
reaction.
 It influences the client perception of care (neat: reflex the
competent professional).
 Posture and gait:
 It is the way people sit, stand, and move.
 There should be a space between the nurse and the client,
provide privacy, and communicate face to face.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Elements of non-verbal communication:
 Facial expression:
 It is the major source of information and the most accessible
aspect of non-verbal communication.
 Emotions such as sadness, happiness, anger, fear, surprise, and
disgust can be expressed without any word.
 Eye contact:
 Eye contact is an important aspect in non-verbal
communication.
 Eye contact during conversation indicates mutual respect and
willingness to listen.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Elements of non-verbal communication:
 Gesture:
 Expressive movements of the hands and the head.
 Common gesture includes pointing and using the hands for
emphasis as well as shaking the head.
 Physical Contact:
 Shaking hands, touching, holding, embracing, pushing, or
patting on the back all convey messages.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Elements of non-verbal communication:
 Physical Contact:
 They reflect an element of intimacy or a feeling of (or lack
of) attraction
 Touch is the most basic and important element of nonverbal communication. It can communicate warmth,
understanding, affection, attention, and caring.
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Modes of communications:

Non-verbal
language)
communication:
(body
◦ Elements of non-verbal communication:
 Sounds:
 Reflex the pain as moans and crying (non-verbal forms of
communication – clear message).
 Body position:
 For example setting and standing in front of the patient.
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Modes of communications:

Para-verbal communication:
◦ Describes how words are spoken, the way the
voice is used.
◦ It depends on:
 Intonation:
 It can change the inter meaning of the word (melody of the
speech).
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Modes of communications:

Para-verbal communication:
◦ It depends on:
 Rate:
 Rate includes the number and the length of pauses.
 The rate of speech is often speeded up with anxiety and
excitement.
 Pitch:
 It is determined by the frequency of the sound waves.
 Volume:
 Loudness and softness of the voice.
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Comparison between one-way and
two-way communications:
One way
Two-way
Direction
One direction
Two directions
Ease
Easy, quick
Difficult, slow
Control
Sender
Sender, and receiver
Feedback
Non
Maximum
Role of nurse
Teacher, evaluator
Therapeutic, corrective
Flexibility
Not required
Required
Test, long-term
Immediate
Ways of determining
understanding
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Characteristics of a good
message:

Complete: Contains all the information which
are essential for understanding the message.

Concise: Few words are best understood.

Clear: Use words that have just one meaning.

Simple: Contains only words that are familiar, and
frequently used by everybody in the daily life.

Courteous: Kind and respectful.
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Levels of communication:

Intrapersonal communication:
 Occur within the individual.
 The way a person considers his thoughts internally.
So that, he can expresses himself appropriately to
others.
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Levels of communication:

Interpersonal communication:
 Face to face interaction (two way communication).
 It occurs between two people or a small group.
 This communication can lead to effective results, as:
 Problem solving.
 Sharing ideas.
 Decision making.
 Through this level of communication, a nurse can
interact with clients, family, and others.
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Levels of communication:

Public communication:
 An interaction with large group of people (one-way
communication).
 The nurse uses this level when speaks to large
group of clients.
 It requires special skills, such as voice, posture, …..
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Influences on the communication
process:

Physical setting:
◦ Loud noises, stuffy rooms, overcrowded
conditions, uncomfortable temperature, bad
lighting, etc.
◦ Good listeners speak up if the room is too warm,
too noisy, or too dark.

Space and distance:
◦ Types of space and distance:
 Intimate space:
 Limited to very close friends.
 Up to 45cm.
 For example mother and child.
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Influences on the communication
process:

Space and distance:
◦ Types of space and distance:
 Personal space:
 Suitable for conversation with well-known acquaintances.
 From 45cm to 120cm.
 Usually considered the most effective space for nurse-patient
interaction.
 Social space:
 Used for conversation with little known acquaintances.
 From 120cm to 360cm.
 Public space:
 Used within stranger public.
 Distance more than 360cm.
◦ Culture, gender, age, and background are considered
in the communication process (space and distance).
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Influences on the communication
process:

Frame of reference:
◦ The sum of a person's knowledge, experience,
goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can
have exactly the same frame of reference.
◦ Nurse must communicate with patients of
diverse background. This will affect the manner in
which messages are encoded as well as decoded.

Feedback:
◦ The audience's immediate response to speaker.
◦ It could be positive or negative.
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Communication Noise:
Inferences (barriers) in communications.
To deliver your messages effectively, you
must break down the barriers that exist
within each of the stages of the
communication process.
 There are many examples of noise:


◦ Environmental Noise:
 Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as
standing next to loud speakers at a party, or a
construction site next to a classroom making it hard to
hear the professor.
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Communication Noise:

Physiological-Impairment Noise:
 Physical
maladies
that
prevent
effective
communication, such as actual deafness or blindness
preventing messages from being received correctly.

Semantic Noise:
 Different interpretations of the meanings of certain
words, like how the word "weed" can be
interpreted as both an undesirable plant in your
yard or marijuana.
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Communication Noise:

Syntactical Noise:
 Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as
abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence, or
differing sentence structures between different cultures.

Organizational Noise:
 Poorly structured communication can prevent the
receiver from accurate interpretations, like unclear and
badly stated directions can make the receiver even more
lost, or how unfocused and disorganized lectures by
professors are extremely hard for students to
understand.
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Communication Noise:

Cultural Noise:
 Nurse must take into consideration patient's
cultural background.

Psychological Noise:
 Certain attitudes can make communication difficult,
like when great anger or sadness causes someone
to lose focus on the present, or how more serious
psychological diseases like autism severely hamper
effective communication.
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