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Interviews and Interrogations Coach Whitaker Vocabulary Verbal Communication—the words you say and the way you say them Non-verbal Communication—the body language that someone sees when you communicate Paralanguage—are voice qualities such a voice pitch, range, speed, and speech difficulties, and lisping or stuttering Introduction As officers you will be constantly required to interact with people in order to get things done or get a key confession or admission Communication is an officers prime tool with which he can guide, organize, motivate, change, and also effectively understand what another person really wants or did The way in which you communicate with others has a direct effect on the way in which they respond to you. General Speaking Strategies 1. 2. 3. 4. Presenting professionally to the public requires you to speak plainly and clearly Speaking strategies: Speak plainly using clear diction and grammar Check your vocal qualities Avoid using slang terms Never use profanity General Speaking Strategies 5. Generally address individuals by Sir and Ma'am 6. Smile and nod when listening to individuals 7. Utilize your voice commands to project Control and direct actions. Verbal/Non-Verbal Communication Messages have two parts--the words themselves and the signal we send Actions speak louder than words Nonverbal cues account for about 90 percent of the meaning Verbal Communication 1. Paralanguage—how we say a word or phrase can determine its meaning Voice characteristics Sarcastic, judgmental, overbearing voice tone 2. Word choices--The kind of words used is often a clear reflection of the officers'style “Loaded" words "You" statements Verbal Communication 3. Judgments disguised as questions 4. Descriptive instead of judgmental Criticism 5. Clear, direct, non apologetic expression of expectations and feelings Activity Practical 1-9 Preparation for two minute speech Communication Games http://www.ag.ohiostate.edu/~bdg/communication.html http://www.deca.org/pdf/teambuildingga mes.pdf Non-Verbal Communication Hesitation Nonassertive speakers sound as if they are not sure of what they are saying ums and ahs Lack of eye contact One of the most critical nonverbal cues is lack of eye contact How do you feel when someone doesn't make eye contact with you? Non-Verbal Communication Looking through you eye contact Staring at someone is certainly more powerful than not making eye contact at all can be intimidating and minimize access to information Interruption Tense, impatient posture A person can communicate aggressiveness Non-Verbal Communication Slumping, downtrodden posture Confidence or lack of assurance are clearly communicated before a person speaks Words and nonverbal messages that don't Match When what is said conflicts with the nonverbal part of a message Space Please Intimate Zone: 6 to 18 inches This close phase of intimate distance is used for very close friendships and children clinging to a parent or each other Personal Zone: 1 to 2 feet This distance is kept for close contacts Social Zone: 4 to 12 feet Close phase: 4 to 7 feet 1. Generally the distance at which we transact impersonal business. 2. Far phase: 7 to 12 feet This distance is for more formal social or business relationships. Public Zone: 12 to 25 feet Open Stance Open body positions often signal a listeners understanding of a topic Steepled Fingers Open hands/arms acceptance Calm facial features understanding Leaning forward signal of interest Closed Positions Closed positions include: Staring - Dominance, aggressiveness Crossed arms/clenched hands – indifference Confused/Questioning facial features Utilizing body language techniques to deescalate an emotionally charged situation Hostile Freak A law enforcement officer can often read a persons body language which may signal pre-attack stress or aggression. Smile with dead eyes Posture and rigidity Defiant eyes and verbiage Tight jaws Ignores officer's presence Will not relinquish control Cont. Will not communicate Clinched fists Shallow breathing Shaking/tremors and nervous twitches Alcohol/drug use Activity Hostile Freak Exercise Argument “video” Field and In-Custody Interviews Field and in-custody interviewing is a fundamental skill for all law enforcement officers It is critical for a law enforcement officer to have complete and accurate information concerning any potential criminal activity While there are particular methods and techniques used in law enforcement interviews, these techniques vary depending upon the type of interview process Three Types of Interviews Field interviews can be a combination of dealing with: victims, witnesses, suspects, and suspicious persons, as well as innocent, uninvolved citizens Objectives (1) Identification (2) prevention and repression of crime, and Field interview (1) centralized records of field contacts Interviews 1. 2. 3. Interrogation Interrogation of a suspect is a more formal situation Dealing with individuals who have come under some suspicion as to a particular crime or an individual who is suspected of withholding information Questioning of a suspect to gain cooperation and to reveal the truth Canvass interview 1. 2. Canvass Interview Interviewing a group of different people to quickly determine if anyone has information about a particular crime or incident Purpose of this interview is to identify potential witnesses Interview Basics Basic to all interviews is the necessity to gain information Six essentials—Who, Where, What, When, Why, and How The single greatest variable is the individuals degree of cooperation Questioning Open-ended questions are used to: a) Promote conversation b) Gain descriptive information c) Gain a narration of events Closed-ended questions are used to: a) Clarify particular points. b) Restrict the interviewee's opportunity to talk Activity Practice Open Ended and Close Ended Questions Create a Interviewing Handbook The Cognitive Interview The cognitive interview technique has many unique characteristics which better enable officer to complete the interview task This technique also provides the officer with an opportunity to identify deception in an uncooperative subject. Tips For a Cognitive Interviews A. "[Eyewitness] recall can be increased by recreating the event's context at the time of the interview witness recreate the situation (crime scene) in their mind B. The interviewee is told exactly how the officer wants them to think about the crime, as it relates to a given case Tips For a Cognitive Interviews C. Provide the interviewee with ample time (a few seconds of silence) D. Enlist the interviewee's active participation E. Directed deliberation requires the interviewee to pay intense attention to the process of recalling details of the event F. Altering the order of recall can often be used to help cooperative interviewees remember events or details G. Request the interviewee to use a different physical point of view The Process of Memory Enhancement Causes the interviewee to think about the crime, during the interview, in the same manner in which they observed the crime This is the root of cognition or how we think about things Uncooperative Interviewee 1. 2. 3. There are numerous reasons why people are uncooperative with and untruthful to law enforcement officers: Do not wish to become involved Do not wish to reveal the identity of the suspect May be the suspect Interview The officer must determine if the interviewee is being cooperative and truthful Alter the order of information retrieval Make the suspect retrieve the story backwards Challenging a uncooperative suspect does little good Refer to interrogator Activity Cognitive Interviewing Day Prior Practical Exercise Preparation Interviewing the victim Basic steps (1) Personal crime victims must be handled with great compassion and sensitivity. Do not interfere with medical care. (2) Property crime victims must be handled with understanding and patience. (3) Deflect anger directed at the officer by the victim. (4) Be alert to the need for a follow-up interview. Victim Interviews An officer will encounter all of the emotional problems If medical care is needed the officer must be compassionate Property Victims may show anger Interviewing the witness Basic steps (1) Enlist their support and cooperation in becoming an active participant in exchanging information. (2) Use the cognitive interview process to assist the interviewee's memory. (3) Avoid contaminating the interviewee's memory with the officer's information from other sources *The officer should think of the witness interview as a mission in search of original information* Interviewing the Suspect Basic steps (1) Avoid giving away information. (2) Focus on eliminating or identifying the interviewee as a suspect. (3) Call for a specialist, if available Interviewing the Suspect 1. 2. 3. Suspect interviews is a tedious process designed to accomplish the following: The interview is designed to eliminate or identify the suspect in a crime The questions should be structured so that absolutely no information is revealed to this interviewee The officer should not advise the suspect of his Miranda warnings unless he is the one who is to interrogate the suspect Interviews Domestics Car Crashes Suspicious Person Final Interviews