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PowerPoint Presentation to accompany Looking Out, Looking In, Tenth Edition Chapter 2: Communication and the Self Presentation prepared by Dr. Michael Pearson, Gretchen Gill, and Tim Scanlon of West Chester University Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. For permission to use material from this text, contact us by: Phone: 1-800-730-2214 Fax: 1-800-730-2215 Web: www.thomsonrights.com Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. CHAPTER 2 Communication and the Self Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and the Self • Communication and the Self-Concept • The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication • Presenting the Self: Communication as Identity Management • Characteristics of Identity Management Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept Self-Concept: the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. Self Esteem: evaluations of self-worth Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept How the Self-Concept Develops • Reflected Appraisals: The looking-glass self Reflected appraisal - each of us develops a self- concept that matches the way we believe others see us Significant others - people whose opinions we especially value Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept How the Self-Concept Develops Social Comparisons • We evaluate ourselves in terms of how we compare to others • Reference groups - groups against which we compare ourselves, thereby influencing our self-esteem and self-concept Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept Characteristics of the Self-Concept • The self-concept is subjective • The self-concept resists change Cognitive conservatism: tendency to cling to an existing self-concept even when evidence shows that it is obsolete Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and the SelfConcept Influences on Identity •Culture •Ethnicity •Sex and Gender Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept Culture and the Self-Concept Individualistic Cultures • Self is separate, individuals should be independent • Individual should take care of him/herself and immediate family • Friends are based on shared interests and activities • Reward for individual achievement and initiative • High value on autonomy, individual security, equality Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept Culture and the Self-Concept Collectivistic Cultures • People belong to extended families or a group • Person should take care of extended family before self • Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent ingroups • Reward for contribution to group goals • High value on duty, order, tradition, age, group security, status, and hierarchy Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Communication • Self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true • Types of self-fulfilling prophecies: Self-imposed prophecies Imposed prophecies by others Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Communication and The SelfConcept Changing Your Self-Concept • Have a realistic perception of yourself • Have realistic expectations • Have the will to change • Have the skill to change Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management • Identity Management – the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them. Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management Public and Private Selves • Perceived self – reflection of the self-concept, the person you believe yourself to be • Presenting self – public image, the way we want others to view us Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management Characteristics of Identity Management • • • • • We strive to construct multiple identities. Identity management is collaborative. Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious. Identity management varies by situation. People differ in their degree of identity management. Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management Why Manage Identities? • Social rules govern our behavior • Accomplish personal goals • Sometimes identity management aims at achieving relational goals such as affiliation, control or respect Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management How Do We Manage Identities? Face to Face Impression Management • Manner – consists of a communicator’s words and nonverbal actions • Appearance – personal items people use to shape an image • Setting – physical items we use to influence how others view us Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management How Do We Manage Identities? Mediated Communication •Appearance: paper, words, images, sounds •Editing: including or excluding information Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc. Presenting The Self: Communication as Identity Management Identity Management and Honesty Although identity management might seem manipulative, it can be an authentic form of communication. Because each person has a variety of faces that he or she can reveal, choosing which one to present need not be dishonest. Copyright © 2002 Thomson Learning, Inc.
