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Social Text Analysis Social text analyses examine the meanings and uses of a given text. Creating a Social Text First, the researcher needs to identify a work or works of interest. Second, from that work the researcher needs to construct a text. – This process is called textualization. – The researcher must remain faithful to the work. Documents can be social texts. Enacted talk, transcribed, can be a social text. Transcribing Enacted Talk Qualitative researchers generally transcribe their own work. – Transcription is not a neutral activity – The researcher becomes familiar with her data through transcription – The level of transcription will depend on the research purpose. There are several principles guiding the transcription process (Edwards, 1993). – Principles of Category Design – Principles of Readability – Principles of Tractability Communication Criticism (Sillars & Gronbeck, 2001) Communication criticism describes a body of social approaches to the study of public messages. There are three processes involved in communication criticism: – Textualization – Analysis – Interpretation Some critical approaches include a fourth process, judgment. There are three families of communication criticism: – The Rhetorical Tradition – The Social Tradition – Cultural Tradition Discourse Analysis: Two Traditions A structural perspective approaches discourse above the sentence level. – For example, utterances, conversations, accounts would be studied as discourse. A functional perspective approaches the “use” of language. – What are the functions and purposes of discourse? – How is discourse situated in a cultural system? Conversation Analysis A type of discourse analysis The origins are in ethnomethodology. The study of naturally occurring interaction Issues to consider (Pomerantz & Fehr, 1997): Select a sequence of talk for study Identify the actions in the sequence Identify how the actions are performed. Identify how timing and taking of turns construct certain understandings of the action. – Consider how the actions construct certain identities, roles, and relationships for the speakers. – – – – The Narrative Approach Meaning is constructed through stories. Stories are structured by a beginning, middle, and end. Researchers examine the process of storytelling: how a story is accomplished. Researchers examine the form of a narrative, such as the structure, characterization, and narrative voice. Researchers examine the content of narratives, such as the themes and meanings. Performative/Dramatistic Approaches Performance studies conceives communication as performance. The researcher is both a tool for understanding and performing. Communication is an embodied performance – scholarship, then is embodied. Researchers also examine the performances of others. A Semiotic Approach Semiotics is the study of the signification process. Signification is the process by which signs are conveyed with meaning.