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CHAPTER 5
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin,
A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal
concepts and competencies. Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Sound of Silence
Student video about nonverbal communication
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfDWQG47pAQ
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
Nonverbal = Non word
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Nonverbal signals operate together
in a cluster, an interactive
grouping.
http://www.fhsu.edu/~zhrepic/Teaching/GenEduca
tion/nonverbcom/nonverbcom_files/image002.jpg
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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Congruency
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Notice whether the present actions
are parallel to or different from past
actions.
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What is an example of nonverbal
communication you noticed this week?
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Describe the nonverbal and what you
thought it meant (and why).
What does this expression say to you?
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Activity: 1. How do you know if you are in
danger? What nonverbals do you look for?
Wrong eye contact or stare? Lack of
blinking? Proximity? Closeness?
Hands on hips? Taking up more
space? Incongruent verbalnonverbals? Clenched teeth?
Flattened lips? Inapropriate touch?
Clenched hand? Breathing?
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2. What makes you feel afraid? Listen
to your gut instinct?
What do you think of the information
on this site? http://www.lesc.net/blog/firearms-instructor-ialefiofficial-publication-publishes-article-recognizing-signs-and-signals
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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Activity: 1. With a partner or small
group--Nonverbal message with voice.
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Use numbers to use your voice and
other nonverbal communication to
express one of the emotions on the
next slide. You may be extremely
brief (seconds). Are you
successful? Why or why not?
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2. Emotions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fear
Compassion
Anger
Happiness
Excitement
Love
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Activity: 1. With a partner—
Can you tell if your partner is lying?
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Ask your partner the following
questions. Your partner will lie
about some of the
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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2. Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why did you select your major?
What is something your mother (or
guardian) often told you?
What is a meal you had recently?
If you could have any job, what
would it be?
What is your best friend like?
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3. How did you do?
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Many of the nonverbals that
suggest lying also can be caused by
stress.
Research suggests that people
generally can’t tell if another person
is lying.
What did you notice about
nonverbals?
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Littlefield. All rights reserved.
THE BASIS FOR NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
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Innate neurological programs
are automatic nonverbal reactions
to stimuli with which you were born.
These nonverbal “automatic
responses” are reflexive reactions
caused by neurological need drives
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CULTURAL INFLUENCES
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Reflective reactions are the
nonverbals you use because you
were taught them by your family,
friends, and culture.
You reflect back the nonverbal
communication of people you
observe in your life.
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Action Chain
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A behavioral sequence of standard
steps for reaching a goal.
Euro Americans engaged in
business dealings with Arabs, for
example, should understand and
adhere to that culture’s action
chains of hospitality in order to be
successful.
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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
WORDS AND NONVERBAL CUES
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Substituting relationship.
Complementing relationship.
Conflicting relationship.
Accenting relationships.
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CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
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For emotional content, nonverbal
communication is more accurate
and easy communication than
words.
Culture influences the way people
communicate emotions.
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MORE CONCEPTS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
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Nonverbal communication conveys
meaning naturally.
Nonverbal acts work better than
words when you want to soften
communication.
Nonverbal behaviors indicate how
you should interpret the verbal
messages you receive.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
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Kinesics is the use of the body to
communicate.
Face: “The 80 muscles of the face can
create more than 7,000 expressions.”
Jordan, N. (1986, January). The face of feeling. Psychology Today, p. 8;
for an extensive discussion on the face and its effects on human
communication, see Knapp & Hall, Chapter 9; for additional reading,
see Heisel, M. J., & Mongrain, M. (2004). Facial expressions and
ambivalence: Looking for conflict in all the right faces. Journal of
Nonverbal Behavior, 28(1), 35-52.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
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Pupilometrics is a theory of
nonverbal communication, which
suggests that eyes dilate when they
are focused on a pleasurable object,
and contract when focused on those
which are not pleasurable.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
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Gestures include posture, walk,
stance, hand movements, body
shifts and head nods which can give
clues about a person’s status,
mood, ethnic and cultural affiliation,
and self-perception.
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Gestures
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Speech-independent gestures are not tied to
speech. These gestures are referred to as
emblems.
Speech-related gestures are directly tied to, or
accompany, speech.
Adaptors are movements that accompany
boredom, show internal feelings, or regulate a
situation (e.g., foot tapping).
Affect displays are facial gestures that show
emotions and feelings such as sadness or
happiness. Pouting, winking, and raising or
lowering the eyelids and eyebrows are examples
of affect displays.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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Gestures
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Emblems are nonverbal acts that
have a direct verbal translation or
dictionary definition, which usually
consist of a word or two.
Illustrators are kinesic acts
accompanying speech that are used
to aid in the description of what is
being said.
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Gestures
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Regulators are nonverbal acts that
maintain and control the back-andforth nature of speaking and
listening between two or more
people.
Nods of the head, eye movements,
and body shifts are all regulators
used to encourage or discourage
conversation.
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MORE CLASSIFICATIONS OF
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
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Touch.
Posture, Walk and Stance.
Artifacts are those things which
adorn the body.
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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Attractiveness.
Height.
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PROXEMICS--SPATIAL
COMMUNICATION
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Proxemics is the study of how
individuals use space to
communicate.
Space can include the distance
people stand from each other, the
perception of territory, how many
people make a space feel crowded,
and similar spatial considerations.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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SPACE DISTANCES
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Intimate space distance covers a
space varying from direct physical
contact with another person to a
distance of eighteen inches (private
activities).
Personal space distance,
eighteen inches to four feet, is
sometimes called the comfort
bubble.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
SPACE DISTANCES
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Social space distance covers a
four-foot to twelve-foot zone that is
used during business transactions
and casual social exchanges.
Public space distance may dictate
a separation of as little as twelve
feet, but it is usually more than
twenty-five.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
Nonverbal Immediacy Scale
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http://www.jamescmccroskey.com/
measures/nisf_srni.htm
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
Small-Group Environment
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Small-group ecology, which
includes the placement of chairs,
the seating placement of the
person conducting a meeting, and
the setting for a small-group
encounter, clearly influences the
group’s operation.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
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PARAVOCALICS--VOCAL
COMMUNICATION
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Vocal quality.
Pause—stopping, hesitation, length of
pause.
Pitch—highness or lowness of tone, such
as soprano or bass.
Rate--how fast you talk.
Stress—emphasis or intensity of sounds
all have particular meanings.
Volume--how loudly you talk.
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Improvisation Video Sound Effects
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Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
TIME AS COMMUNICATION
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Circular time, there is no pressing
need to achieve or create newness,
or to produce more than is needed
to survive.
Linear time, focused primarily with
the future. These societies focus on
the accurate and technical
information needed to fulfill
impending demands.
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Littlefield. All rights reserved.
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Technical time is precise time, as in the
way some scientists look at how things
happen in milliseconds.
Formal time is the way in which a
culture defines its time, and it plays a
daily role in most of our lives. It refers to
centuries, years, months, weeks, days,
hours, and minutes.
Informal time refers to a rather flexible
use of time such as “soon,” or “right
away.”
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
In a monochronic culture, like the US, why
are some people chronically late?
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Chronic lateness is often deeply rooted in
a person’s psyche.
Need to feel special.
Believes he or she is better than other
people and doesn't have to play by the
rules.
Needs for perfectionism, punishment,
power, or as an expression of hostility.
To punish yourself.
To control others.
To show disdain for others, thus
demonstrating
your Rowman
hostility.
Chapter 5. Copyright
&
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
SMELL AS COMMUNICATION
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Smell blindness occurs when a
person is unable to detect smells.
Smell adaptation occurs when we
gradually lose the distinctiveness of
a particular smell through repeated
contact with a specific odor.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
SMELL AS COMMUNICATION
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The ability to recall previous situations
when encountering a particular smell is
smell memory.
Smell overload takes place when an
exceptionally large number of odors or
one extremely strong odor overpowers
you.
The ability to identify people, places, and
things on the basis of their smell is smell
discrimination
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
AESTHETICS AS COMMUNICATION
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Aesthetics is the study of
communication of a message or
mood through color or music.
How do aesthetics affect the way
you feel? This video cannot be
played here.
Spray paint art - Latte Art
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
TASTE AS COMMUNICATION
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Taste blindness is the inability to
taste.
Some people have extremely
sensitive tasting abilities. These
individuals are hypergustoric.
Taste adaptation takes place
when you become used to a taste to
the degree that you can eat a
substance and not taste it.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
Application Learning Activities
Discuss with a partner or small group
or complete on your own outside
class.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
TIME
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Discuss or write about time as
communication. You may want to
view and read the lyrics for Time Pink Floyd . You could investigate
how time is used differently in
different cultures.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
NONVERBAL ERRORS

View this video about nonverbal
communication. Are there areas
with which communication research
disagrees?
http://studio5.ksl.com/index.php?ni
d=54&sid=6406949
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
AESTHETICS
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Aesthetics is the study of communication
of a message or mood through color or
music. Think of examples of aesthetics
that positively or negatively affect your
communication.
What causes the effects on
communication?
Share the information with a partner or
the class.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
TASTE AS COMMUNICATION
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How is a birthday dinner or
thanksgiving dinner communication
through taste?
Investigate cultural traditions
around food and eating.
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.
END CHAPTER 5
NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin,
A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal
concepts and competencies. Lanham,
MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
Alexandra Burke - "The Silence" with Lyrics
Chapter 5. Copyright Rowman &
Littlefield. All rights reserved.