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Chapter 15
The Resurgence of Empire in East Asia
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618 CE)
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Regional kingdoms succeed collapse of Han
dynasty
Yang Jian consolidates control of all of China,
initiates Sui Dynasty
Massive building projects
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Military labor
Conscripted labor
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The Grand Canal
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Intended to promote trade
between north and south China
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Linked network of earlier
canals
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Most Chinese rivers flow
west-east
1240 miles
Roads on either bank
Succeeded only by railroad
traffic in 20th century
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The Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
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Wide discontent over conscripted labor in Sui
dynasty
Military failures in Korea prompt rebellion
Emperor assassinated in 618

Tang Dynasty initiated
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Tang Taizong
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Second emperor of Tang dynasty (r. 627-649 CE)
Murdered two brothers, thrust father aside to take
throne
Strong ruler
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Built capital at Chang’an
Law and order
Taxes, prices low
More effective implementation of earlier Sui
policies
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Major achievements of Tang Dynasty
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Transportation and communications
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Extensive postal, courier services
Equal-field System
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20% of land hereditary ownership
80% redistributed according to formula
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Family size, land fertility
Worked well until 8th century
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Corruption, loss of land to Buddhist monasteries
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Bureaucracy of Merit
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Imperial civil service examinations
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Confucian educational curriculum
Some bribery, nepotism
But most advance through merit
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Built loyalty to the dynasty
System remains strong until early 20th century
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Tang Military Expansion and Foreign
Relations
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Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet
One of the largest expansions of China in its
history
Established tributary relationships
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Gifts
China as “Middle Kingdom”
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The kowtow ritual
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The Sui and Tang dynasties, 589-907 C.E.
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Tang Decline
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Governmental neglect: Emperor obsessed with music,
favorite concubine
775 rebellion under An Lushan, former military
commander
Captures Chang’an, but rebellion crushed by 763
Nomadic Uighur mercenaries invited to suppress
rebellion, sacked Chang’an and Luoyang
Tang decline continues, rebellions in 9th century, last
emperor abdicates 907
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Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
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Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
Military not emphasized
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Made empire smaller so there was less territory to control
Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)
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Former military leader
Made emperor by troops
Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
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Local postings changed every three years to inspire loyalty
Expanded recruitment from all classes
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Wang Anshi
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Appointed to reform government in 1068
 Offered government loans to peasants
and low rates
 Broke trading monopolies of big
merchants
 Readjusted taxes based on productivity
of land
 Assessed personal property for
taxation
 Purchased horses for peasant use with
understanding they would be used for
cavalry if necessary
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The Song dynasty, 960-1279 C.E.
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Song Weaknesses
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Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
 Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
 Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
Civil service leadership of military
 Unable to maintain cavalry due to lost of control over chief
horse-breeding areas in North and Northwest
 Lacked military training
 Unable to contain nomadic attacks
 Jurchen conquer in 1127, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou,
southern China (Southern Song)
 Also had to pay tribute to Jurchen
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Agricultural Economies of the Tang
and Song Dynasties
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Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2 crops per
year
Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
 Produced more iron and steel than all of Europe
until the 18th century
Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
 Water wheels, canals
Terrace farming
Pamphlets for peasants on new farming techniques
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Population Growth
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120
100
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80
Result of increased
agricultural production
Effective food distribution
system
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60
Millions
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Transportation networks
built under Tang and Song
dynasties
20
0
600
CE
1000
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Urbanization
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Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2 million
residents
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Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over 1 million
Several cities over 100,000
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Non-Chinese Observations
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[Hangzhou] is the greatest city in the world
~Marco Polo
[Hangzhou] is three days journey in length and subdivided into
six towns, each larger than anything in the West.
~Ibn Battuta
[Hangzhou is] the first, the biggest, the richest, the most
populous, and altogether the most marvelous city that exists on
the face of the earth.”
~friar John of Marignolli
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Patriarchal Social Structures
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Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
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Elaborate grave rituals
Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors
Footbinding gains popularity
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Increased control by male family members
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Footbinding
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Technology and Industry
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Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal,
in furnaces
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Gunpowder invented
Earlier printing techniques refined
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Agricultural tools, weaponry
Moveable type by mid-11th century
Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier
Naval technology
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Emergence of a Market Economy
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“Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with
copper coin shortages
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Development of independently produced paper money
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Promissory notes, checks also used
Not as stable, riots when not honored
Government claims monopoly on money production in
11th century
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China and the Hemispheric Economy
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Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but increases
local demands for imported luxury goods
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Cultural Change in Tang and Song
China
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Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty
Increasing popularity of Buddhism
Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism, Islam
also appear
primarily foreign merchant class
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Dunhuang
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Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China
(Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
Buddhist temples, libraries
Economic success as converts donate land holdings
Increase popularity through donations of agricultural
produce to the poor
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
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Buddhism:
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Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
Confucianism:
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Emphasis on Metaphysics
Ascetic ideal
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Celibacy
isolation
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Text-based (Confucian
teachings)
Daoism not text-based
Emphasis on ethics,
politics
Family-centered
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Procreation
Filial piety
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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
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Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
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Accommodated family lifestyle
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Dharma translated as dao
Nirvana translated as wuwei
“one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead
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Persecution of Buddhists
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Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
Tang dynasty
840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
temples, expulsions
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Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
Economic motive: seizure of large monastic
landholdings
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Neo-Confucianism
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Song dynasty refrains from persecuting
Buddhists, but favors Confucians
Neo-Confucians influenced by Buddhist thought
Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE) important synthesizer
Popular to 20th century
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China and Korea
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Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea
recognizes Tang as emperor
Technically a vassal statue, but highly
independent
Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
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China and Vietnam
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Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
technology
But ongoing resentment at political domination
Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls in
10th century
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Japan
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Smaller than France &
California
Mostly mountainous
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Only 11% of land is
arable
Most settlement
between Tokyo and
Osaka
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China and Early Japan
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Chinese armies never invade Japan
Yet Chinese culture pervasive
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Imitation of Tang administration
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Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan”
(710-794 CE)
Nara a direct copy of Chang’an (Tang)
Adoption of Confucian, Buddhist teachings
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Buddhism from Korea serves as a vehicle for Chinese influence
End of matriarchal rule
Yet retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
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Japanese emperor moves court to Heian (Kyoto)
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Trying to escape Buddhist domination of Nara
Yet emperor figurehead, real power in hands of
Fujiwara clan
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Institutes Taika Reforms to erase all earlier forms of
government and institute only Chinese-style
government
Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne
Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Japanese Literature
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Influence of Chinese kanji characters
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Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet
Court life: The Tale of Genji
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Written by woman with weak command of Chinese,
becomes classic of early Japanese literature
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Institution of the Shogun
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Civil war between Taira (based in Heian) and
Minamoto (based in Kamakura) clans in 12th
century
Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
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Shogun is chief miliary and financial advisor to
emperor
Samurai initially begin as tax collectors for shogun
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Lifestyle allows time for training and study
Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial throne to
continue in Kyoto
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Medieval Japan
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Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi
(1336-1573 CE) periods
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Kamakura sees first invasion by Mongols under Kublai
Khan in 1281
Muromachi installs Ashikaga clan
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Would rule until rise of Tokugawa in late 16th century
Decentralized power in hands of warlords
Military authority in hands of samurai
Professional warriors
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