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Reunification and Renaissance in China Chapter 12 Lecture and Review The Sui-Tang Eras • Wendi, had support of nomadic military leadership, able to become dynasty leader • Did not favor the scholar-gentry class • Won support by lowering taxes and establishing granaries • Wendi was killed by his son Yangdi • Yangdi expanded territories • Huge building projects on the backs of peasant class, then tried to have them take new territories which led to revolt and unrest The Tang Restore the Empire • Li Yuan, an official of Yangdi, takes over and leads to more military conquests • Conquered lands into present day Afghanistan, other nomadic military officers were taken to the Chinese capitol to be instructed in Chinese ways. • Boundaries of China became greater than even the Han dynasty… and a golden age began • Rebuilding the bureaucracy was a major accomplishment and necessity, all working in association with the new capitol in Changan Bureaucracy and Examinations • • • • Ministry of Rites Title of Jinshi, transformed people Buddy-buddy system State and Religion – Confucian learning stressed, Buddhist persecuted – Buddhism in China (pure land strain of Mahayana Buddhism, Zen Buddhism, monasteries become very commonplace – Emperor Wuzong began persecution of Buddhists Tang ends, Song begins… • Xuanzong becomes emperor after women conspire • He begins reign with strong focus on political and economic reforms, then becomes infatuated with Yang Guifei • Everything falls apart by his lack of leadership, and military leadership must step in • She is killed, he cannot rule any longer, and China’s territories are up for grabs again • Zhao Kuangyin takes over because of able military leadership and takes control of territories, except the northern Liao dynasty (highly sinified, or influenced by Chinese) Revival of Confucianism • Bureaucracy supported Confucian ways of thinking • Became so bloated the you had highly educated, wellpaid bureaucrats who did very little • Neo-Confucians left their mark, including Zhu Xi who stressed applying philosophical principles in everyday life • Money also being paid out to tribute for nomadic militaries along the boarders, Xi Xia is an example • Wang Anshi tried to institute reforms, but too little too late and the dynasty falls to the Jurchens, and the Song retreat to the south to create the Southern Song Why the Golden Age? • The Grand Canal: huge engineering feat that connects China to itself and land trade • Junks are used to ship in the sea, drastically expanding the trade of China • Huge cities being created with magnificent buildings, gardens, hunting parks, canals, zoos, ect. • Marco Polo loves Hangzhou, “Venice of China” • Agrarian expansion: breaking up the lands of the old aristocracies, redistributing to peasant classes • Households still ran by the men, FOOTBINDING! • Artwork, literature, and poetry reflect the focus on the arts from the scholar-gentry class Artwork