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Sui – Tang – Song
Review Early Dynasties
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Shang Dynasty1766-1122
Zhou Dynasty1122-221
– Last 400yrs - warring states
Qin Dynasty 221 -206 BCE
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Shi huangdi (1st emperor)
Legalist philosophy
First coinage, writing system,
Censorship
Lasts 15 years
China- in 2,000 years - 23
dynasties - 9 important ones
Han Dynasty
• Han Dynasty
• (classical era)
– Confucian based society
– Merit system-bureaucrats
– Paper & porcelain invented
• For 400 years after fall of Han
- time of great troubles…
– Buddhism becomes
popular in this period
Sui Dynasty (588-618)
• Sui unite China - rule
for 30 years
• Wendi
– Revival of
Confucianism
• Yangdi
• Grand Canal
Tang Dynasty (618 – 907)
• Tang
– Increased boundaries
– Heavy dependence on
Militarism
• Rise of Tang
• First emperor & minister
(Wei Zheng)- model of
good rule
• Imperial power and moral
restraint in theory - in
practice hard to maintain
Tang
– Trade & commerce grow
– Printing
– Arts- focus on
landscape/nature
– Gun powder
– Woodblock printing
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Capital city Chang’an (eternal
peace) 24 mile walled city
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Artistic / commercial & invention
continues in Song era
Empress Wu
• Ruled for 50 years - 705
– Biggest challenge deal with
scholar/gentry and old
aristocrats
– Economy remained strong!
• Econ- equal land system
• Civil exam system
– Blow to noble class
– Social mobility
• Confucianism as official
philosophy = cultural literacy
uniting China
• Buddhism - why the backlash?
– Around 845...
Tang Xuanzong (The Profound Emperor) and Consort Yang
Decline of Tang - Losing the Mandate of Heaven
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Xuanzong
– (Empress Wu’s grandson)
– Patron of Arts
– Decline due to lack of morality?
– Blame consort - during rebellion,
soldiers want her head - he gives it to
them
– He abdicates
Overextension
Rebellions
– Chang’an overran (755 – 763)
– Uighurs (nomadic) help Tang restore
order, don’t leave and gain influence in
China
Northern nomads attacking, mass migration
of Chinese to the sout
Dynasty can not recover and ends in 907
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Other reasons for decline
– 751 - loss to Arabs at Talas
– Equal land system breaks down
– Poor attention to canal & irrigation
systems
– Nomadic attacks
Moral: China’s view
– Centralization = unity = peace
(stability)
– Decentralization = civil war
The years 907 – 960 saw the
fragmentation of China into five
northern dynasties and ten southern
kingdoms until Song unify
Nomadic Relationships
• Two successor nomadic groups attempted to establish control
• Liao Empire (916 – 1121(decline))
– Relatives of Mongolians
– Established rule in the north.
– Khitan people
– Linked China with societies to the north and west
– They encouraged and allowed Chinese culture to remain in
their region.
– Buddhism flourished – rulers were seen as bodhisattvas or
Buddhist kings
• Minyak (related to Tibetans) – established control in the west.
Tried to relate to the Tang by calling themselves Tangguts.
Song Dynasty (960-1279 CE)
• Emphasis on administration, industry, education, the arts
• Military not emphasized
• Direction of first emperor, Song Taizu (r. 960-976 CE)
– Former military leader
– Made emperor by troops
– Instituted policy of imperial favor for civil servants,
expanded meritocracy
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The Song dynasty, 960-1279
C.E.
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Song Dynasty 960-1279
• CHARACTERISTICS
– Scholar-gentry class
dominates
• abuses in civil service
exam develop
– Paper money
– Arts & commerce
– 11C Needle compass (3rd
century - South pointer)
Splintering of North and Southern Song
• Heavy dependence
on growth of civilian
government at
expense of military
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By 1127, the Song court could not
push back the Northern nomadic
invaders
– Surrounded by north ‘empires’
(Jurchin’)
• Invasion of Mongols
from North 1279
– Start of Yuan (Mongol
Dynasty)
Splintering of North and Southern Song
• 1125 Jurchens take the last of the Liao and establish the
Jin Empire in north China
• Jin lay siege to Song capital (Kaifeng) and forced the
Song south of the Yellow River – Jurchen establish
control of north and central China
– Song make annual payments to Jin to avoid warfare
– This period is known as the Southern Song (1127 –
1279)
Northern and Southern Song
Song Weaknesses
• Size of bureaucracy heavy drain on economy
– Two peasant rebellions in 12th c.
– Internal inertia prevents reform of bureaucracy
• Civil service leadership of military
– Lacked military training
– Unable to contain nomadic attacks
– Jurchen conquer, force Song dynasty to Hangzhou,
southern China (Southern Song)
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Agricultural Economies of the
Tang and Song Dynasties
• Developed Vietnamese fast-ripening rice, 2
crops per year
• Technology: iron plows, use of draft animals
• Soil fertilization, improved irrigation
– Water wheels, canals
• Terrace farming
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Population Growth
• Result of increased
agricultural production
• Effective food distribution
system
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100
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60
Millions
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– Transportation networks
built under Tang and Song
dynasties
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0
600
CE
1000
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Urbanization
• Chang’an world’s most populous city: 2
million residents
– Southern Song capital Hangzhou: over
1 million
– Several cities over 100,000
• By the end of the Song, 2/3 of the Chinese
population is concentrated below the
Yangtze.
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Urbanization
rise of mercantile class
The Grand Canal, built
during the Sui Dynasty,
connects the Yangtze and
the Yellow rivers,
facilitating the transport of
agricultural production
from the south to the north
and helping to unify the
economy of China.
Patriarchal Social Structures
• Increased emphasis on ancestor worship
– Elaborate grave rituals
– Extended family gatherings in honor of deceased
ancestors
• Footbinding gains popularity
– Increased control by male family members
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Footbinding
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Technology and Industry
• Porcelain (“Chinaware”)
• Increase of iron production due to use of coke, not coal,
in furnaces
– Agricultural tools, weaponry
• Gunpowder invented
• Earlier printing techniques refined
– Moveable type by mid-11th century
– Yet complex Chinese ideographs make wood block
technique easier
• Naval technology
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Emergence of a Market
Economy
• “Flying cash:” letters of credit developed to deal with
copper coin shortages
– Promissory notes, checks also used
• Development of independently produced paper money
– Not as stable, riots when not honored
• Government claims monopoly on money production in
11th century
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Persecution of Buddhists
• Daoist/Confucian persecution supported in late
Tang dynasty
• 840s begins systematic closure of Buddhist
temples, expulsions
– Zoroastrians, Christians, Manicheans as well
• Economic motive: seizure of large monastic
landholdings
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Neo-Confucianism
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The Song Neo-Confucian philosophers, finding a certain purity in the originality of the
ancient classical texts, wrote commentaries on them. The most influential of these
philosophers was Zhu Xi ( b1130-1200), whose synthesis of Confucian thought and
Buddhist, Taoist, and other ideas became the official imperial ideology from late Song
times to the late nineteenth century.
As incorporated into the examination system, Zhu Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid
official creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations of obedience and compliance
of subject to ruler, child to father, wife to husband, and younger brother to elder
brother.
The effect was to inhibit the societal development of premodern China, resulting both
in many generations of political, social, and spiritual stability and in a slowness of
cultural and institutional change up to the nineteenth century.
Neo-Confucian doctrines also came to play the dominant role in the intellectual life of
Korea, Vietnam, and Japan.
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Army Area Handbook on China, written by Rinn-Sup Shinn and Robert L. Worden.
Tang and Song Influence on East Asia
• The influence of Chinese civilization spreads throughout
East Asia as neighboring countries study and borrow
from Chinese civilization
– Korea, Japan, and what is today Vietnam
• Confucian thought and social and political values
• Buddhism
• Literary Chinese and its writing system which becomes
the language of government and that used by the elites
of these societies to communicate among themselves.
China and Korea
• Silla Dynasty: Tang armies withdraw, Korea
recognizes Tang as emperor
• Technically a vassal state, but highly
independent
• Chinese influence on Korean culture pervasive
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China and Vietnam
• Vietnamese adaptation to Chinese culture,
technology
• But ongoing resentment at political domination
• Assert independence when Tang dynasty falls
in 10th century
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China and Early Japan
• Chinese armies never invade Japan
• Yet Chinese culture pervasive
• Imitation of Tang administration
– Establishment of new capital at Nara, hence “Nara Japan”
(710-794 CE)
• Adoption of Confucian and Buddhist teachings
• Retention of Shinto religion
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Heian Japan (794-1185 CE)
• Japanese emperor moves court to Heian
(Kyoto)
• Emperor is a figurehead, real power in hands
of Fujiwara clan
– Pattern in Japanese history: weak emperor, power
behind the throne (feudal society)
– Helps explain longevity of the institution
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Japanese Literature
• Influence of Chinese kanji characters
– Classic curriculum dominated by Chinese
• Development of hiragana, katakana syllabic alphabet
• Court life: The Tale of Genji
– Written by woman with weak command of Chinese,
becomes classic of early Japanese literature
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Institution of the Shogun
• Civil war between Taira and Minamoto clans
in 12th century
• Minamoto leader named shogun, 1185 CE
• Ruled from Kamakura, allowed imperial
throne to continue in Kyoto
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Medieval Japan
• Kamakura (1185-1333 CE) and Muromachi
(1336-1573 CE) periods
• Decentralized power in hands of warlords
• Military authority in hands of samurai
• Professional warriors
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China and the Hemispheric
Economy
• Increasingly cosmopolitan nature of Chinese
cities
• Chinese silk opens up trade routes, but
increases local demands for imported luxury
goods
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Cultural Change in Tang and
Song China
• Declining confidence in Confucianism after
collapse of Han dynasty
• Increasing popularity of Buddhism
• Christianity, Manichaeism, Zoroastrianism,
Islam also appear
• Clientele primarily foreign merchant class
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Dunhuang
• Mahayana Buddhism especially popular in western China
(Gansu province), 600-1000 CE
• Buddhist temples, libraries
• Economic success as converts donate land holdings
• Increase popularity through donations of agricultural
produce to the poor
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Conflicts with Chinese Culture
• Buddhism:
– Text-based (Buddhist
teachings)
• Emphasis on Metaphysics
• Ascetic ideal
– Celibacy
– isolation
• Confucianism:
– Text-based (Confucian
teachings)
– Daoism not text-based
• Emphasis on ethics,
politics
• Family-centered
– Procreation
– Filial piety
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Chan (Zen) Buddhism
• Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate
– Dharma translated as dao
– Nirvana translated as wuwei
• Accommodated family lifestyle
– “one son in monastery for ten generations of salvation”
• Limited empahsis on textual study, meditation instead
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