Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Document related concepts
Transcript
Pre-history Pre-historic = before written records Two periods of pre-history to know Paleolithic Neolithic Pre-history Paleolithic (Old) Stone age period Stone primary material for tools Hunter-gathers Nomadic lifestyle Pre-history Neolithic Age (New) stone age Stone still primary tool material Agriculture Domestication of animals Some settlement Some nomadic groups Paleolithic Age 1st Agricultural Revolution Neolithic Age Neolithic Age People Start to Settle Develop Civilization Civilization A form of culture, characterized by cities,specialized workers, complex institutions, recordkeeping and advanced technology Civilization To be a civilization, society must have a majority of these: Cities Specialized labor Government Science & tech Religion Art Taxes Social classes Written language Tigris & Euphrates Located in modern Iraq Known as Mesopotamia (land between 2 rivers) Known as Fertile Crescent Look for the only green in the brownish Middle east on the map Rivers empty into Persian Gulf Tigris & Euphrates The geography does not help Unpredictable flooding No natural barriers to invasion Plenty of fresh water for farming and drinking Access to trade/travel & cultural diffusion Silt deposited by rivers Tigris & Euphrates Geography does not help, but problems solved For defense, walls of mud bricks were built Trade of grain, cloth and tools brought in natural raw materials like stone, wood and metal Tigris & Euphrates Main crops grown were barley & wheat Surpluses produced led to development of different civilizations in the region Tigris & Euphrates Cities associated with Mesopotamia Sumer Akkad Babylon Ur Tigris & Euphrates Sumer Polytheism Run by soldiers Temples called Ziggurats Invented sail, plow, wheel & 1st to use bronze Developed geometry & arithmetic Tigris & Euphrates Sumer Developed arches, columns, ramps Developed cuneiform (wedge writing in wet mud which was allowed to dry) Tigris & Euphrates Akkad Sargon of Akkad conquered Sumer Created world’s first empire Dynasty lasted 200 years Tigris & Euphrates Babylon Based on Euphrates river Empire hit peak under Hammurabi Hammurabi’s Code Tigris & Euphrates Hammurabi’s Code Needed single, unified code of law to unify people Written in stone Placed throughout the empire “eye for an eye” Law applied to everyone, but applied differently to men/women & rich/poor Written Law Codes 10 Commandments Hammurabi’s Code Draco’s Code 12 Tables Justinian’s Code Napoleonic Code Nile River Valley Geographic Issues Floods predictably (develop calendar) River deposits silt on banks Access to travel/trade Grow papyrus (turn into paper) River flows north into Mediterranean Sea Egyptians forced to live close to river (little cultural diffusion) Nile River Valley Egypt = “gift of the Nile” Without the river there is no Egyptian civilization Silt very fertile Desert very harsh Irrigation ditches to water crops Surpluses led to civilization Nile River Valley Egypt Polytheism Kings (pharaohs were god- kings) Egyptian government was theocracy (based on religious teaching/rules) Nile River Valley Egypt Pyramids were actually tombs for pharaohs Pharaohs Bodies were mummified dried and preserved for use in the afterlife Nile River Valley Egypt Writing developed called hieroglyphics Glyphs are symbols/pictures First written on stone Hieroglyphics written on early paper made from papyrus Nile River Valley Egypt Developed very accurate calendar Developed arithmetic & geometry First to use stone columns Developed early medical procedures for broken bones, wounds & fevers Indus River Valley Indus became India Indus River starts in Himalaya mountains & flows to Arabian Sea Himalayas natural boundary Unpredictable flooding Indus River Valley Indus sites not fully discovered yet No kings/queens known Few available records Was largest empire until Persia develops 1000 years later Indus River Valley Two main cities of the Indus Valley Harappa Mohenjo-Daro Both carefully planned & laid out in a grid pattern Structures built of oven-fired bricks Homes had indoor plumbing Indus River Valley Archaeologists believe the 2 cities had strong organized government Food seemed to be in good supply City planning indicates development of mathematical skills Indus first to cultivate cotton Polytheistic religious beliefs Huang He River Valley China’s geography has isolated it Chinese developed belief that China was the center of the Earth & source of all civilization China to south & southwest hemmed in by Tien Shan & Himalaya mountains Huang He River Valley China’s history began in Huang He Valley People learned to farm during the Neolithic Age The yellow soil particles in the river give it its name “Yellow” Also known as “China’s Sorrow” because of the unpredictable flooding Huang He River Valley The flooding is due in part to the loess in the water that raises the level of the river Flooding has often been disastrous First Chinese in the valley to develop were the Shang Zhou overthrew the Shang Developed Mandate of Heaven idea Huang He River Valley Mandate of Heaven says that the gods allowed a dynasty to rule until that dynasty got old & corrupt New dynasty was given new Mandate of Heaven to over throw old This changing of dynasties is called the Dynastic Cycle Dynastic Cycle New Dynasty Problems Old Dynasty •Brings peace • Floods •Builds roads •Too many taxes • Quakes •Land to peasants •No protection • Revolts •Protects people • Invaders •Unfair treatment •No building Huang He River Valley By 1000 BC Chinese had develop silk production Chinese also produced first books under the Zhou Also produced porcelain, writing, coined money and cast iron Other Civilizations to Consider Indo-European Aryans Hittites Civilizations Aryans Developed Caste System Lighter skin, higher caste Aryans blended cultures Brought in Hinduism Believed in reincarnation Karma & dharma Cows are sacred Hittites Centered in Anatolia (modern Turkey, Asia Minor) Developed iron technology Developed the chariot which changed warfare dramatically Other Civilizations to Consider Fertile Crescent Phoenicians Coast of eastern Mediterranean Sea “Pop-Eyes” Carriers Created of the ancient world of civilization alphabet (“Hooked on Phonics”) Hebrews Centered in the area of modern Israel/Palestine Hebrews are first monotheistic people Torah is holy book (same as Old Testament of Christian Bible) Abraham God starts religion is Yahweh Hebrews are God’s “chosen people” Hebrews have a covenant with God Hebrews Enslaved in Egypt Led out of Egypt by Moses Moses presents Hebrews with God’s rules known as 10 Commandments Settled in modern Israel Hebrews Romans show up in Middle East Jews forced out between 75 & 135 AD Known as period of Diaspora (dispersal) Jews spread from Palestine to eastern Europe
