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1
2560 BC- Pyramids at Giza completed
1185 BC- Trojan War
1000 BC- Chinese develop gunpowder
750-700 BC- Homer writes the Iliad and the
Odyssey
776 BC- Olympic games begin in Greece
559 BC- Cyrus the Great becomes king and leads
Persian Empire from Egypt to China
532- Pythagoras starts his school in Greece
490 BC- Battle of Marathon between 11,000
Athenians to 100,000 Persians (Athens prevails).
480 BC- Battle of Thermopylae
433 BC- The Parthenon in Athens is completed
after 40 yrs.
• 404 BC- Sparta defeats Athens in
Peloponnesian war.
• 399 BC- Socrates put on trial and
sentenced to death by hemlock.
• 386 BC- Plato starts the Academy in
Athens.
• 338 BC- Philip of Macedon conquers
Greece
• 336 BC- Aristotle starts the Lyceum in
Athens.
• 333 BC- Alexander the Great defeats
Persia but Darius escapes to fight again.
• 332 BC- Alexander conquers Egypt
• 323 BC- Alexander dies and leaves
empire to his four generals which ushers
in the Hellenistic period.
• 264 BC- First Punic Wars- 218- Second
Punic Wars (Hannibal crosses the Alps).
146- Third Punic Wars where Rome
finally obliterates Cartage.
• 73 BC- Spartacus , former soldier and
gladiator fights against Rome.
• 44 BC- Julius Caesar is assasinated.
• 31 BC- Octavian defeats Marc Antony in
the battle of Actium
• 27 BC- Caesar Augustus (Octavian)
made Roman Emperor- Luke 2:1
Creation
Flood
Scattering of the
People
Patriarchs
Exodus from Egypt
Wilderness
Wandering
Conquest of the Land
Judges
United Kingdom
Divided Kingdom
Judah Alone
Captivity
Return
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Prophesied in:
Amos 8:11-12 (KJV)
“Behold, the days come, saith the Lord
God, that I will send a famine in the land,
not a famine of bread, nor a thirst for
water, but of hearing the words of the
Lord:
And they shall wander from sea to
sea, and from the north even to the east,
they shall run to and fro to seek the word
of the Lord, and shall not find it.”
7
Lasted about 400-430 years
No Biblical accounts during
this period
Secular writings provide
history for this period
These writings add
credibility to the Bible
Many events are confirmed
by the New Testament
8
The Roman Empire is in power
The Greek language is universally spoken
The Greek translation of the Old
Testament (Septuagint – meaning 70) is
being used
Jews were strict in following parts of the
Mosaic law – sabbath day, tithing, feasts
9
Various political and religious
parties are prominent – Pharisees,
Sadducees, Essenes, and Zealots
The Herods (a family of Edomites,
called Idumeans) rule over the Jews
The land is called Judea - not Judah
The land is prosperous and bustling
with activity
10
Jews had settled in areas around
Jerusalem and Galilee
Samaritans occupied the area in between
Jews hated the Samaritans
Samaritans – a new breed of Israelites
formed when foreigners were placed in
the land by Assyria and other nations
after the captivity started
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1. The Persian history (an empire)
• In control for about 100 years after
the O.T. closed
2. The Grecian history (not a typical
empire)
• Alexander the Great
3. The Roman history (an empire)
• In power when N.T. began
4. The Jewish history (our main study)
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First Jews taken into captivity by
Nebuchadnezzar in 605 B.C.
Cyrus (559-530 B.C.), ruler of the
Medo-Persian empire, defeated the
Babylonians – released captives in 538
B.C.
Zerubbabel led about 50,000 Jews
back to Jerusalem in 536 B.C.
Rebuilding the temple started –
finished in 20 years, 516 B.C.
13
Before the OT ended...
Persians expanded their territory to
Greece and to Egypt.
480 BC- Battle of Thermopylae- Leonidus
and the 300 Spartans.
Xerxes (486-465 B.C.), also known as
Ahaseurus in the book of Esther,
returned from the battle – chose Esther,
a Jew, as his queen after banishing
Vashti for not complying to his drunken
request.
The Jews who had remained became
honored people in the Persian empire
The Greeks regained their land –
defeated the Persians in about 479 B.C.
14
15
Before the OT ended...
The Greeks also controlled Asia
Minor in about 449 B.C.
About 458 B.C., Ezra led 1,354 men
and their families to Jerusalem
Thirteen years later (445 B.C.),
Nehemiah returned to rebuild the
walls of Jerusalem
The Old Testament closed about
430 B.C.
16
Persians Rulers...
Xerxes II – named king by his father
but murdered by a half-brother,
Sogdianus, in 45 days
Sogdianus murdered by a halfbrother, Darius II, within 6 months
Darius II (424-405 B.C.)
• Had a very fascinating wife
• Had two sons – the weaker of
the two became king,
Artaxerxes Mnemon
17
Persians Lose Power
Then...
The Medo-Persians slowly lost
their power but remained in
control of world affairs for about
100 years after the close of the
O.T. (to about 331 B.C.)
18
Greek Philosophers...
Socrates (470 to 399)
Plato (428-348)
Aristotle (384-322)
The Greeks began to slowly gain power
Their thinking and reasoning among
the educated Greeks had a profound
effect on the future of the Jews and the
countries around them.
19
Problems in the Persian Empire...
Artaxerxes Mnemon (405-359 BC)
• Had a phenomenal memory
• Appointed by his father, Darius
• His mother wanted his younger
brother Cyrus to rule rather
than Mnemon
20
Problems in the Persian Empire...
Cyrus rebelled
• Commanded an army to
defend the land to the west
• Recruited 13,000 Greek
mercenaries to help his
100,000 man force
• Fought against his brother
for the throne
21
Problems in the Persian Empire...
Both were wounded in
battle, but Cyrus died
Mercenaries returned
to Greece
200 years has passed
since the first Cyrus
22
Problems in the Persian Empire...
Artaxerxes Ochus (359-338 B.C.)
• Appointed king by his father
• He re-invigorated the empire for
a few years
• Conquered Phoenicia, Tyre,
Cyprus, Egypt
• One of his generals, Bagoas,
poisoned him and put his own
son, Arses, on the throne
23
Problems in the Persian Empire...
Arses (338-336)
• Killed by his father who placed
Darius III on the throne
Darius III
• Last king of the Persian empire
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Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes
Philip of Macedon was elected head
of a united Greece around 340 B.C.
The Greeks found the Persians to
be inferior fighters.
25
They become confident in
overthrowing the Persian
army in Asia Minor
But, Philip was
assassinated in 336 B.C.
Alexander the Great, his
son, became king
26
And the Jews...
When the O. T. ended,
Nehemiah, Ezra and
Malachi prophesied
Jews had settled in Judea
(Jerusalem) and Galilee
Some Jews had chosen not
to return
Conflicts between the
Persians and the Greeks did
not directly affect the Jews
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And the Jews...
Jews had learned a lesson from captivity
Their bloodline was kept purer
They stayed away from idolatry
Separation of “Jew” and “Gentile”
became more noticeable
Synagogues were formed for sabbath
assemblies
Small groups of Jews met in a similar
manner during the captivity period
28
The Story of Alexander the Great
• His father was Philip II of Macedon
• Born in 356 B.C.
• Educated under Aristotle
• Strong and good-looking
• Macedonia was a strategic area
between the East (Asia Minor and
Syria) and the West (Greece and
Italy)
• Located North of the Aegean Sea
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Macedonia
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• Greek city states united in 336 B.C.
• Philip II assassinated in 336 B.C.
• Alexander immediately took role of
king of the Hellenic League at age 20
• Squashed the rebellion of Thebes –
other members quickly brought under
his control
31
Hellenistic Culture
• Not a derivative of the word “hell”
• “Hellenist” – means Greek; a nonGreek person who adopted the Greek
language and culture
• Greek philosophies penetrated the
world
• Lifestyle
• Language
• Education
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Hellenistic Culture
• Hellenism increased even after
Alexander’s death
• Many Jews took Greek names, wore
Greek-styled clothes, and learned the
Greek language
• The Septuagint, the oldest Greek
version of the Old Testament,
traditionally said to have been
translated by 70 or 72 Egyptian Jewish
scholars at the request of Ptolemy II
33
• In 334 B.C., he started his march into
Asia to face the Persian army
• Alexander used a unique but effective
battle strategy
• Fought against Darius III who finally
turned and ran from the battle
• Took Tyre with the help of engineers
• Took Gaza, again with the help of
engineers
34
Egypt opened its arms to Alexander
as its deliverer
The city of Alexandria was built in his
honor bearing his name
He went North into the area of
Mesopotamia, north of the Tigris River
Fought Darius III again who fled from
the battle again
Finally, Darius’ own soldiers finally
killed him
35
Alexander made his way to India where
he turned and settled in Babylon
He was a heavy drinker
He contracted a fever and died at age 32
His conquests covered about 12 years
He was a friend to the Jews
His enemies seemed to have been the
Jews’ enemies
36
Alexander The Great’s Empire
37
Alexander’s Successors
After his death, his family was in turmoil
No successor to his throne
His generals divided up his kingdom and
fought each other for power
This was prophesied in Daniel 8
Jews faired well under Ptolemy (one of
the generals) who located in Egypt
“High priests” ruled over local affairs in
Palestine, or Judea, as it was then called
38
The Divided Greek Empire
39
Rome Enters The World Scene
The Romans were gaining in power and
the Seleucian/Greek/Syrian kingdom was
losing power.
The Jews were under the oppression of
the Seleucians. The Maccabees, a
Jewish family, fought the Seleucians to
win their independence.
This fulfilled a prophecy of Daniel and
lead up to the Roman domination of the
Jews which fulfilled another prophecy
that the Roman government would be in
power when Christ came
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(Dan. 2:44; Luke 2:1).
Daniel 2:44 KJV And in the days of
these kings shall the God of heaven
set up a kingdom, which shall never
be destroyed: and the kingdom shall
not be left to other people, but it shall
break in pieces and consume all these
kingdoms, and it shall stand for ever.
Luke 2:1 KJV And it came to pass in
those days, that there went out a
decree from Caesar Augustus, that all
the world should be taxed.
The Roman Empire
Hannibal of Carthage and Philip V of
Macedon had joined to fight the Romans
in the 2nd Punic War
After Carthage was defeated in the 2nd
Punic War in 201 B.C., Rome turned to
the East (the Greeks) (Rome later
destroyed Carthage in 146 B.C.)
Greek city-states were freed from Philip
The Romans defeated Philip in 197 B.C.
42
2nd Punic War
43
44
The Seleucid (Syrian) Empire
Antiochus (born 4th-century B.C.),
father of Seleucus I Nicator, founder of
the Hellenstic Seleucid Empire
Antiochus I Soter (died 261 B.C.), king
of the Seleucid Empire
Antiochus II Theos (286 B.C.–246 B.C.),
king of the Seleucid Empire who
reigned 261 B.C.–246 B.C.
45
The Seleucid (Syrian) Empire
• Seleucus II Callinicus (246-225 B.C.)
• Antiochus Hierax (died 226 B.C.), the
rebel brother of Seleucus II Callinicus
• Seleucus III Ceraunus, reigned 225
B.C.-223 B.C.
Antiochus III the Great
(241–187 B.C., king 222–187
B.C.), younger son of Seleucus
II Callinicus, became the 6th
ruler of the Seleucid Empire
46
Status Of The Syrian Empire...
Antiochus III of Syria won control of
Judea from the Egyptians about 198 B.C.
(about the time that Philip was defeated)
Some of the Greek city-states asked
Antiochus to help them against the
Romans
Antiochus agreed (Big mistake!)
• Note: The Seleucid Empire (312 – 63
BC ) was the eastern remnant of the
former Macedonian Empire of
Alexander the Great and began with
Seleucus Nicator
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The Syrian Empire Loses Greece
• Antiochus III was defeated in Greece
in 191 B.C.
• Syrians were becoming weak
• Surrendered territories west of the
Taurus Mountains to Rome, his war
elephants, and most of his fleet of
ships
• Had to pay a huge tribute to Rome
amounting to 15,000 talents of gold
• His people started a revolt
• He was killed in about 187 B.C.
48
Trouble In The Syrian Empire...
• A power struggle developed
• Meanwhile, Antiochus Epiphanes, a son
of Antiochus III, was being held by the
Romans to guarantee payment of the
tribute
• After his release, Epiphanes went to
Athens, Greece and made friends
• His brother was assassinated so he
borrowed troops from the king of
Pergamum and headed for Antioch
49
The Seleucid (Syrian) Empire
Seleucus I Nicator (Satrap 311–305 BC, King
305 BC–281 BC)
Antiochus I Soter (co-ruler from 291, ruled
281–261 BC)
Antiochus II Theos (261–246 BC)
Seleucus II Callinicus (246–225 BC)
Seleucus III Ceraunus (or Soter) (225–223
BC)
Antiochus III the Great (223–187 BC)
Seleucus IV Philopator (187–175 BC)
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (175–164 BC)
Antiochus V Eupator (164–162 BC)50
The Syrian Turmoil Continued...
• In 175 B.C., Antiochus Epiphanes, ruled
Syria
• Payments still being made to Rome
• He could not expand his territory
• Rome had gained strength to the
west
• The Parthians to the east had grown
in strength taking all of Persia and
Mesopotamia from the SeleucidSyrian kingdom
• Syria had a staggering debt and a
crumbling empire
51
Jewish Politics Began...
• Jason fled across Jordan and
Onias was killed
• Menelaus allowed Antiochus
and the Syrians into the
temple to take money and
costly decorations to help
fight the Egyptians
• Many Jews were outraged
52
Antiochus Fights Egypt...
Egypt became an ally of Rome
After winning a battle in Macedonia, the
Romans sent word to Antiochus to stop
the fighting and to leave Egypt
Word “got out” that Antiochus was dead
Jason returned to the high priest
position with support from the Jews
Now, the Jews are in trouble again
53
Antiochus Turns On The Jews
• Antiochus put down the revolt
• Much bloodshed followed
• Part of the wall was destroyed
• Antiochus decided to:
• Suspend the temple rituals
• Burn the sacred scriptures
• Forbade their feasts
• Stopped circumcision
• Built an altar to the Greek god Zeus
54
Antiochus IV Acts Like A God
• Antiochus manifested himself as the
Greek god Zeus (about 167 B.C.)
• He thought it would unite his
supporters
• Pursued a Hellenizing policy with zeal
• Forbade the Jewish sacrifices
• Forced people to offer incense to Zeus
• Those that did not were whipped
and killed
• Circumcision was outlawed
• His acts forced the Jews into rebellion
55
Syria – The Little Horn
• Daniel 8:8-26 speaks of the great horn
being broken with four taking it’s place
(Alexander and his generals which
followed him)
• Out of one of them came a little horn
(the Seleucid/Syrian kingdom)
• This one would magnify himself, stop
the sacrifices, cast down the sanctuary,
and cast down the truth
• This one was Antiochus of Syria!
56
Mattathias, An Aging Jewish
Priest
• Mattathias, the Hasmonean, objected:
• Refused to offer incense
• Killed the Syrian officer and his men
• He and his five sons fled into hiding
• A rebellion had started
• The Syrian army came upon a thousand
Jews on a Sabbath who refused to fight
• They were slaughtered anyway
57
The Beginning of the Maccabees
The members of the Hasmonean
family of Jewish leaders and
rulers comprised of the sons of
Mattathias and their descendants
They ruled Judea from about 167
to 37 B.C.
They reasserted the Jewish
religion, expanded the
boundaries of Israel and reduced
the influence of Hellenism.
58
The Rebellion Begins...
• Before Mattathias died, he appointed
his son Judas as military commander
He appointed his son Simon as adviser
• Judas was surnamed “Maccabaeus” –
meaning “Hammer”
He lead small groups of men and
defeated the Syrian army using
guerrilla warfare
• The Maccabean revolt was in full swing
59
The Maccabean Revolt...
• Antiochus IV died in 164 B.C.
• The Syrian empire was crumbling
• Judas and his men retook Jerusalem
• The temple was restored and
rededicated
• The altar of Zeus was removed
• Jews started a new celebration called
– “Hanukkah” (meaning “lights”)
60
Hanukkah
A Jewish festival lasting eight days
Celebrated from the 25th day of the
month of Kislev to the 2nd of Tevet
In commemoration of the
rededication of the Temple by the
Maccabees following their victory
over the Syrians under Antiochus IV
Characterized chiefly by the lighting
of the menorah on each night of the
festival.
61
The Maccabean Brothers...
• The Maccabees continued their fight for
political independence
• Syria was undergoing internal strife
• Judas and his brother John were killed
in battle in 160 B.C.
• Jonathan became leader of the
Maccabees and was killed by Trypho
• Simon was the last leader but he was
killed by his son-in-law seeking power
62
The Maccabees Prevail...
• Simon, the last son of Mattathias,
became the leader of the Maccabees
• Demetrius, the new Seleucid king, had
become the ruler over the Syrians
• Both men entered an alliance granting
Judea independence in 142 B.C.
• Simon made an alliance with Rome that
same year
• Simon was also made “high priest”
63
Rome Is Happy...
• Syria was crumbling fast
• The Romans and the Parthians
were increasing in strength
• The Romans had been waiting for
the outcome of the strife between
the Syrians and the Jews
• The Romans are coming!
64
Where We Left Off...
The Maccabees had gained
independence for Judea from a
weakened Syria
Simon (143-134 B.C.), last son of
Mattathias Hasmoneas, had:
Reclaimed the temple
Had rid the land of the Syrians
and Zeus idols
John Hyrcanus (134-105 B.C.),
Simon’s son, was the “High Priest”
Now, Jewish traditions and sects
have begun
65
The Spiritual Condition Of The Jews
The captivity taught them a lesson –
idolatry was wrong!
But, they neglected the law
Ezra led the people to:
secure the purity of their worship
separate themselves from their
foreign wives
separate themselves from the people
of the land
Nehemiah and Malachi stressed
obedience
66
The Hasidim
• Hasidim, or a group of “pious ones”
• deeply spiritually minded
• pursued keeping the law carefully
67
The Hasidim
Their objectives:
To fear God’s curse if they did not obey
To obtain His blessings through
obedience
To develop the idea of a kingdom of
priests
started rituals and ceremonies
To reduce the law to a set of rules
the scribes became an important
part of this effort
68
The Hasidim Creations
• The “Halakhah” - a collection of
traditions and rules
• The “Haggadah” - comprised of
parables, folklore, history, etc.
• “Talmud” - documented the oral
traditions (still exists today)- contains
Mishna and Gemara (oral traditions).
• Considered the Talmud more binding
than the scriptures
• Authors were scribes, rabbis, Jewish
scholars
69
• Means “separated ones”
• A small party formed from the Hasidim
• There is little information on when or
how this group began
• A very influential party among the Jews
• Became the opposition party to the
Maccabees
• Held strongly to the Jews’ traditions
• Were closely united with the scribes
70
• They were strict in the laws with
“outward appearance”
• In Acts 26:5, Paul called the Pharisees
“the straitest sect of our religion” (the
Jewish religion)
71
• A political party of the aristocratic
priests
• Little popularity among the common
people
• Wanted Judea to compromise with the
Greeks
• Welcomed the Greek culture
• Believed in God and the law, but not
the traditions of the scribes and the
Pharisees
72
• Did not believe in the
resurrection, nor in angels, or
the hereafter (the spirit world)
• Acts 23:8 KJV For the
Sadducees say that there is
no resurrection, neither
angel, nor spirit: but the
Pharisees confess both.
73
• Opposed the Pharisees because they
were too lenient and not strict enough
in their opposition to the Greeks
• Had no impact on the Jews
• were withdrawn from society
• lived a very austere, communal type
of life
• They may have copied, collected and
hidden the Dead Sea Scrolls which
were found in 1947
74
The Zealots
• Probably formed after the Romans
took control of Judea
• A political group with little impact on
the population
• Believed they were to establish God’s
predicted kingdom
• Then God would come to their aid
• And they would enjoy a glorious
political state
• Simon Zelotes (the Zealot) was one of
Jesus’ twelve apostles
75
• The Jewish high court
• A Hebrew spelling of a Greek word that
means “a senate” (a governing body)
• May have been formed during the
Greek-Syrian occupation of Judea
• Consisted generally of seventy judges
(elders)
• The number probably taken from
Num. 11:16-24 and Exod. 24:1, 9-11
76
• The Sanhedrin, along with the High
Priest, made up the local government
of the Jews
• By the days of the New Testament, it
was the Jews’ highest authority
• Their authority was controlled and
limited by the Romans
77
The Status of the Jews
John Hyrcanus was high priest in 134 B.C.
• Subdued the Idumaeans
• Destroyed the temple on Mt. Gerizim
• When Hyrcanus died, internal fighting
developed among the Maccabean effort
• His son, Aristobulus, succeeded him
• Aristobulus died after one year and his
brother Alexander Jannaeus ruled
78
Alexander Jannaeus
• Ruled from 103-76 B.C. as civil ruler
and as high priest
• Jannaeus almost ousted by the
people, finally won their support
• The leaders of the revolt (800
Pharisees) were crucified while he and
his concubines watched and feasted
• The families of the doomed men
were brought in and slaughtered
before their eyes
79
Salome
• When Alexander Jannaeus died, he left
his kingdom to his widow, Salome
• She ruled 76-67 B.C.
• He had advised her to make peace
with the Pharisees
• She did, even brought them into her
council
• Salome died in 67 B.C.
80
Aristobulus
• Alexander Jannaeus and Salome had
two sons:
• Hyrcanus II– made high priest
• Aristobulus – made military
commander
• Aristobulus ousted his brother
Hyrcanus II as high priest and took
complete control of the Jews
81
The Roman Empire
• From 129 to 75 B.C., Rome took control
of most of Asia Minor and Syria
• The Roman senate authorized Pompey
to take control of the eastern shores of
the Mediterranean
• Their goal: To control all shores of the
sea for fifty miles inland
• Refer to the map
82
83
Antipater II
• An Idumaean governor, Antipater, had
a son named Antipater II
• Antipater II used Hyrcanus II to help
him gain power from Aristobulus
• Antipater II arranged for Aretas, a
Nabatean king south of Judea, to help
Hyrcanus II
84
Pompey Goes To Jerusalem
• Aristobulus was taken captive to Rome
• Hyrcanus II opened the gates of
Jerusalem to Pompey and the Romans
• Pompey entered the Most Holy Place of
the temple and his life went downhill
from there
• Julius Caesar was leading the Roman
effort to the west
• A bitter rivalry developed
85
Julius Caesar
In 60 B.C., Pompey, Julius
Caesar, and Crassus formed
the first Triumvirate of Rome
Crassus died
Pompey and Caesar fought
each other
Pompey fled to Egypt but the
Egyptians killed him
Caesar with the help of
Antipater II won his battle in
Egypt, then went home
86
Caesar Controlled Judea
• Antipater rewarded – made Procurator
of Judea
• Hyrcanus II - confirmed as high priest
• Antipater placed his sons in positions
of power in Jerusalem
• Herod in Galilee
• Phasael in Judea
87
Caesar Assassinated
• In 44 B.C., Caesar was assassinated
• Brutus and Cassius were in opposition
to Mark Anthony and Octavian
• Mark Anthony and Octavian defeated
the conspirators and divided the
Roman world
• Mark Anthony controlled the eastern
part (including Judea)
• Octavian controlled the western part
88
Trouble In Judea...
In 43 B.C., Antipater was poisoned
Mark Anthony made Herod and Phasael
joint rulers of Judea
Mark Anthony was an oppressive ruler
A fight developed over the high priest
position
Antigonus, son of Aristobulus, joined the
Parthians and invaded Judea in 40 B.C.
89
Trouble In Judea...
• Hyrcanus II was removed from office
and his ears were cut off
• Phasael was captured but committed
suicide in prison
• Herod escaped and fled to Rome
• The Roman senate appointed Herod
as king of Judea hoping he would
defeat the Parthians
• Eventually, he did win all of Palestine
90
He took the title of Herod the Great
He favored the Jews by getting Rome to
let them worship God according to the
law of Moses
He was Hellenistic (Greek) in his outlook
An Edomite (Idumaean) now ruled Judea
Peace and stability prevailed in the land
Gal. 4:4 – “When the fullness of time
was come, God sent forth His son”
91
Meanwhile...
• Octavian ruled Rome about 27 B.C.
• Mark Anthony and Cleopatra were
lovers and Mark Antony left his
soldiers in the heat of battle to
follow after her which allowed
Octavian to prevail.
• Again, internal fighting began
• Octavian won
• Mark Anthony and Cleopatra both
died
• Octavian’s name changed to
Augustus
• Luke 2:1 –
“In those days,... Caesar
Augustus...”
92
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