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EXTERNAL HISTORY OF LANGUAGES IN BRITAIN I.e. history of English in relation to other languages spoken in what is now the UK, and the non-linguistic historical and cultural events that impinged on the language… Some key dates. The Prehistoric period • BC6500 BRITAIN BECOMES AN ISLAND • 4000+ PROTO-INDOEUROPEAN ANCESTOR OF ENGLISH SPOKEN NEAR THE BLACK SEA • 3000 NEOLITHIC FARMERS ARRIVE IN BRITAIN • 2000 STONEHENGE BUILT BY BRONZE AGE PEOPLE The Celtic period • BC 500+ IRON AGE CELTS IN EUROPE AND BRITAIN. GOEDELIC, BRYTHONIC • 390 CELTS SACK ROME • 55 JULIUS CAESAR INVADES BRITAIN…. AND LEAVES The Roman period • AD 43 CLAUDIUS CONQUERS ENGLAND. LATIN • 61 BOADICEA REBELS AGAINST THE ROMANS, SACKS COLCHESTER • 200+ GERMANIC PEOPLES INVADE ROMAN EMPIRE • 407+ ROMANS LEAVE BRITAIN (410 GOTHS SACK ROME) The Anglo-Saxon period • 410+ CELTIC MONASTERIES (St PATRICK 5th Cent.); ‘THE DARK AGES’ • 449+ ANGLES, SAXONS, JUTES SETTLE IN BRITAIN. SAXON KINGDOMS OF WESSEX, MERCIA etc. OE • 597 ST AUGUSTINE BRINGS CHRISTIANITY… AND LATIN (again) • 700 FIRST OE TEXTS (1000 BEOWULF) The Viking period • 878 ALFRED GRANTS DANELAW TO VIKINGS. ON • 911 ROLLO/HROLF COLONISES NORMANDY • 991 BATTLE OF MALDON • 1011 DANES SACK CANTERBURY • 1016 CNUT KING OF ENGLAND The Norman French period • 1066 NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND. FRENCH, ME • 1204 NORMANDY LOST BY ENGLISH KINGS • 1277 EDWARD I CONQUERS GWYNEDD The Norman English period • 1362 STATUTE OF PLEADING • 1385+ CHAUCER'S CANTERBURY TALES • 1400 HENRY IV FIRST ENGLISH SPEAKING KING, CHANCERY ENGLISH • 1476 PRINTING INVENTED. CAXTON The Tudor consolidation period • 15OO+ RENAISSANCE - GREEK AND LATIN (again) AMERICA. ENE • 1525 TYNDALE TRANSLATES NEW TESTAMENT INTO ENGLISH • 1588 BISHOP MORGAN - BIBLE INTO WELSH. SPANISH ARMADA • 1564 SHAKESPEARE BORN The Imperial expansion period • 1600 EAST INDIA COMPANY FOUNDED; MONARCHY IS RESTORED; BRITISH EMPIRE. NNE, MANY LANGUAGES • 1755 DR JOHNSON COMPLETES HIS DICTIONARY. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • 1770+ AUSTRALIA, AFRICA EXPLORED The Imperial fragmentation period • 1776 US DECLARES INDEPENDENCE • 1828 WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY • 1863 CAMBRIDGE OVERSEAS EXAMINATIONS • 1947 INDIA AND PAKISTAN BECOME INDEPENDENT The Modern international period • c1955 LATIN NO LONGER REQUIRED AT OXBRIDGE • 1962 CATHOLIC MASS IN ENGLISH NOT LATIN • 1967 WELSH LANGUAGE ACT • 2007 ENGLISH SPOKEN BY 1.8 BILLION PEOPLE