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Setting up a Democracy: “Is it better to exchange rule by one tyrant living 3,000 miles away for rule by 3,000 tyrants living one mile away?” Americans Debate How to Govern The people in the New States had loyal to the state in which they live. Americans believe in Democracy; however framers of the New government did not want to put to much power in the hands of the uneducated. State already had state constitutions. American did not want to be governed by a king. Debates Continued… State we unequal in size, wealth, and population. How do you take state constitutions and apply it at a national level. Who get the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Our First Attempt: The Articles of Confederation The leaders were fearful of a all powerful government The first government was designed to be weak. Most power would be shared with states. The signing of the Declaration of Independence proved that Americans were opposed to a Powerful government Articles of Confederation Articles were written in 1779 But, didn’t go into effect until 1781 because of a debate over lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. Land Ordinance of 1785 & Northwest Ordinance of 1785. Land Ordinance of 1785, which established a plan for surveying the land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The county system that we have to day in states west of the App. Mts. Northwest Ordinance of 1787, which divided the land into territories. Weakness of the Articles of Confederation Congress could not enact and collect taxes. Congress could not regulate interstate or foreign trade. Regardless of population, each state had only one vote in congress. Weakness Continued… 2/3 majority – 9 out of 13 states needed to agree to pass important laws. Articles could be amended only if all states approved. No executive branch enforce the laws of Congress. No National court system to settle legal disputes. The 13 separate states that lacked national unity. Confederation Encounters Problems The biggest problem was trade between states. The Nation was in huge debt as a result of the Revolutionary War. They could not get out of debt. Farmers were losing their property because they borrowed money and could not pay it back. The Nation could not pay its debts to British merchants, and because of this Britain refused to evacuate its forts on the Great Lakes. Spain closed the Mississippi River to Americans. “What a victory for our enemy to find we can’t govern ourselves!” The territory was too vast to govern with a weak government. The economy was in terrible shape. Small border fights were occurring between some states. There was no standard currency. Shays’s Rebellion An uprising of debt-ridden Massachusetts farmers protesting increased state taxes in 1787. After Shays’s Rebellion there was a Call for a Convention Time to try again: A convention was called in 1787 to make necessary changes. All states except Rhode Island sent delegates What they created in this room above still works today! Key Leaders: George Washington Washington presided at the Convention and, although seldom participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings. Key leaders: James Madison “The Father of the Constitution” Virginian and a brilliant political philosopher, often led the debate and kept copious notes of the proceedings – the best record historians have of what transpired at the Constitutional Convention James Madison “The Father of the Constitution” At the convention Madison, authored the “Virginia Plan,” which proposed a federal government of three separate branches (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) and became the foundation for the structure of the new government. He later authored much of the Bill of Rights. The first word of the Preamble to the Constitution prove our belief that the power to govern comes from the people! The Constitution of the United States of America establishes a government that shared power between the national government and state governments, protected the rights of states, and provided a system for orderly change through amendments to the Constitution itself. Key Issues and Resolutions: Made federal law the supreme law of the land, but otherwise gave the states considerable leeway to govern themselves Balanced power between large and small states by creating a Senate-where each state gets two senators, and a House of Representatives-with membership based on population (the “Great Compromise”) Key Issues and Resolutions: Placated the Southern states by counting the slaves as three-fifths of the population when determining representation in the U.S. House of Representatives (Three-fifths Compromise) Key Issues and Resolutions: Avoided a too-powerful central government by establishing three co-equal branches (separation of powers): Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Makes the laws Enforces the laws Interprets the laws Congress President Courts Numerous Checks and Balances are the rules that prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful! Key Issues and Resolutions: The Constitution limited the powers of the federal government to those identified in the Constitution. An orderly method of changing the Constitution by adding amendments has been included. Struggle for Ratification: Final approval needed 9 states to approve before the new constitution would go into effect! The Federalist Position: (pro-ratification) The Federalists favored a strong national government that shared some power with the states. They argued that the checks and balances in the Constitution prevented any one of the three branches from acquiring preponderant power. They believed that a strong national government was necessaryto facilitate interstate commerce and to manage foreign trade, national defense, and foreign relations. They argued that a republic could survive in a territory as large as the United States because the numerous political factions would check each other, thereby preventing any one faction from gaining too much power. They also argued that a national Bill of Rights would be redundant, because the Constitution itself protected basic rights, and because most states already had bills of rights that clearly defined basic rights that the governments could not abolish. Key Federalists Were: James Madison Alexander Hamilton John Jay The Federalist Papers were a series of essays written by Madison, Jay and Hamilton to explain the Constitution and urge ratification. Anti-Federalists: (opposed ratification) They believed that notwithstanding the national government Federalists’ arguments, a would tend to usurp national Bill of Rights was necessary and, the powers of the during the ratifying state governments, conventions in several thereby states, forced the concentrating too Federalists to pledge that much power at the a Bill of Rights would be national level and too little at the state the first order of business of the new government and local levels. established by the Constitution. The Anti-Federalists believed a strong The Key Anti-Federalists: Patrick Henry Richard Henry Lee George Mason Thomas Jefferson A New Government Elections were held and the government was inaugurated in 1789 in the Capital, New York. The Constitution was ratified in 1788. The Federalists promised to add a bill of rights as their first order of business. Virginia’s Influence: The major principles of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights Came from the Virginia Declaration of Rights This outlined basic human rights which the government should not violate. Virginia Declaration of Rights was written by George Mason in 1776 Virginia’s Influence: The Virginia statute for Religious Freedom ended the practice of a government supported church Written by Thomas Jefferson Separation of Church and State was very important to Jefferson The Bill of Rights James Madison, a Virginian, consulted the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom when drafting the amendments that eventually became the United States Bill of Rights. The first 10 amendments to the Constitution define rights that can not be taken away! Legacies: Ratification of the Constitution did not end debate on governmental power or how to create “a more perfect union.” Economic, regional, social, ideological, religious, and political tensions spawned continuing debates over the meaning of the Constitution for generations—a debate that continues today. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights gave Americans a blueprint for successful self-government that has become a model for the rest of the world!