Download Ch.10 sec.2 The Spanish-American War

Chapter 10 section 2
Chapter 10 section 2
KEY TERMS:
1. Arbitration
2. Yellow Journalism
3. Jingoism
4. Rough Riders
5. Treaty of Paris
6. “unincorporated” territories
7. Teller Amendment
8. Platt Amendment
9. Foraker Act 1900
10. Jones Act 1917
11. Spheres of influence
12. Open Door Policy
13. Righteous and Harmonious
Fists
KEY PEOPLE:
1. General Valeriano Weyler
2. Journalist Jose Marti
3. Joseph Pulitzer
4. William Randolph Hearst
5. Spanish ambassador
Dupuy de Lome
6. Assistant Secretary of the
Navy Theodore Roosevelt
7. Emilio Aguinaldo
8. General Leonard Wood
9. Major Walter Reed
10. Queen Liliuokalani
11. Sanford B. Dole
12. Secretary of State John Hay
Chapter 10 section 2
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
How did the activities of the United States in Latin
America set the stage for war with Spain?
What were the events leading up to and following the
Spanish-American War?
What challenges did the United States face after the
war?
Why did the United States seek to gain influence in the
Pacific?
THE BIG IDEA
A swift victory in the Spanish-American War confirmed the
status of the United States as a world power, but it left
some people arguing over how to govern newly acquired
territories.
As a Team, answer the following the questions and be prepare to share
your answers with the class:
When do you believe it is acceptable policy for the United States to go
to war?
- When American interests are in danger.
- When American citizens are in danger.
- When an American ally has been attacked.
- When the United States has been attacked.
- When the United States has support from other nations.
- When victory is probable.
- When essential resources are at stake.
- When principals of freedom and liberty are at stake.
- No reason is needed.
- No reason is good enough to declare war.
As an individual, rank the top three reasons to go to war.
As a Team, answer the following the question and be prepare to share
your answer with the class:
The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the Spanish-American War
This article will provide the context for American interest in Cuba prior to our
military intervention in 1898.
Give several examples of the geographic, economic, and political
connections between the United States and Cuba prior to our military
intervention in 1898?
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the
Spanish-American War, create a graphic organizer highlighting
the Causes of the war.
Geography
Economic
Political
Geography
To smuggle slaves
into the U.S.
Economic
A port for slaves
A source of sugar
Political
Ostend Manifesto attempted to purchase
the Island from Spain
in 1854.
50 million had been
invested in Cuba by 1895 Spanish descent caused
American policy makers
U.S. imported 90% of the
to fear other European
sugar produced in Cuba.
countries taking over
To protect the
100 million in economic
former Spanish colonies
Western Hemisphere activity
Monroe Doctrine
Cuban rebels burned
1896 Pres. Cleveland
sugar fields and destroyed
Urged neutrality
refining mills to convince
America to reduce the
Congress recognized the
Wilson-Gorman Tariff
Cuba Libre movement and
wanted the Pres. to seek
Cuban independence.
Important as a gateway to the Gulf of
Mexico.
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the
Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting
the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .
Causes of the Spanish-American War.
After reading The Newspaper War? – The Causes of the
Spanish-American War - create a graphic organizer highlighting
the Causes of the war and the spark that ignited the war .
Causes of the Spanish-American War.
Foreign policy considerations
Connected to the Monroe Doctrine
The actions taken by Cuban
insurgents in 1895 prompted the
American public and gov’t to formulate
a response to Cuban independence
Business interests
relating to sugar
Yellow Journalism
The legacy of the
American Revolution
de Lome criticizing
President McKinley
The Spark;
The sinking of the
USS Maine
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War
Document 1 – A Speech by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
1. List three specific reasons Lodge provides to justify American
involvement in Cuba.
a. Citizens of Cuba are fighting a revolution against oppression, just
like Americans did during the American Revolution.
b. Cubans believe in civil liberties such as freedom of religion,
speech, and press, just like Americans do.
c. A free Cuba offers a great market for American businesses.
d. A free Cuba will protect American interests in the Caribbean. /
2. How does Lodge attempt to persuade people to adopt his
argument?
Lodge makes analogies between the events in Cuba and the
American Revolution
He describes the situation with vivid terms like oppression,
sympathy, principles, and opportunity. /
3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel
were the most persuasive?
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War
Document 2 – Headlines from the New York World
1. List four specific reasons the headlines provide to justify
American involvement in Cuba.
a. There is a Crisis in Cuba.
b. Americans are in danger
c. The crisis is a result of “Spanish Treachery”
d. The Maine was destroyed by “outsiders”
e. President McKinley suspects a “Spanish plot” /
2. How do the editors of the New York World attempt to persuade
their readers to adopt their argument?
The newspaper attempts to directly connect the explosion on the
Maine with actions taken by the Spanish.
They quote support from the British, provide a picture of the
explosion, and supply direct quotations from sailors on the ship.
3. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel
were the most persuasive?
Examining the Causes of the Spanish-American War
Document 3 – Letter from Spanish Deputy Enrique de Lome to a Friend
in Cuba
1. List the one reason that the letter might influence people to
want war with Spain.
The letter questions the leadership abilities of the U.S. president and
paints a derogatory picture of the president.
2. What specific phrases or terms used in the speech do you feel
were the most persuasive?
As a team, use the documents and share events that influenced the
American decision to go to war.
1. The rebellion of the Cubans against Spanish rule (document 1)
2. The treatment of the Cubans by Spanish in general and General
Weyler in particular (document 2)
3. The de Lome letter’s criticisms of President McKinley (document 3)
4. The sinking of the Maine (document 2)
5. The coverage of these events by the media (yellow journalism)
(document 2)
Based on the list we created about reasons that justify the use
to American military, which of the criteria do you believe were satisfied
March 1898?
Responses should include
When American interests are in danger
When American citizens are in danger
When an American ally has been attacked
When the U.S. has been attacked
When essential resources are at stake
/
How were the events such as the Cuban-Spanish War and the sinking
of the Maine depicted in the press?
Flowery language (yellow press) used by the newspapers such as
“atrocities, tortured, horrors, and shock.”
Large headlines, graphic cartoons, and constant coverage of only
one side of the issue.
/
How influential might the press coverage have been on American
decision makers?
Although the press coverage was biased and at times overwhelming, it
was the actual events that drew the U.S. closer to war and the press
coverage took advantage of the events that had occurred.
What do you believe led to the American declaration of war against
Spain?
Answers should reflect the multiple causality of the event, rather than a
simplistic attribution of the cause of the war to one single event.
Geographic importance of Cuba
The economic ties between the U.S. and Cuba
Cuba’s revolution against oppression (colonial rule)
The de Lome Letter
Explosion of the USS Maine
The coverage of the events by the media
PULITZER
HEARST
CARTOON SHOWS THE TWO PUBLISHERS ARE PARTLY
RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR.
Country
Chile
Brazil
Venezuela
Dispute
1891 Chilean mob attacked
U.S. sailors on shore leave.
They killed 2 Americans &
injured 17 others.
A rebellion threatened the
friendly republican gov’t of
Brazil.
Results
U.S. gov’t forced Chile to
Pay $75,000 to the
sailors families.
Pres. Cleveland ordered
naval units to Rio de
Janeiro to protect U.S.
shipping interests. This
broke the rebellion.
British Guiana & Venezuela U.S. demanded Britain
had a border dispute.
Acknowledge the Monroe
Mineral wealth in border
Doctrine submit to
area.
arbitration. Britain agrees.
Germany a concern needs friendly U.S.
1. How did the activities of the United States in Latin
America set the stage for war with Spain?
The Spanish – American War
How did the Cuban Rebellion, Yellow Journalism, and jingoism influence
Americans’ views of the Cuban Rebellion?
Influence on Americans’ view of the Cuban Revolution
 Cuban Rebellion
Spain sent troops & Gen. Weyler. “Reconcentration”
policy instituted – 200,000 dead Cubans. The U.S.
would not intervene. Cuban guerrillas destroyed U.S.
sugar plantations-U.S. business owners increased
pressure on the government to act.
 Yellow Journalism
Demands for U.S. intervention from newspapers.
Their sensational headlines and stories whipped up
U.S. public opinion in favor of the rebels.
 Jingoism
Sensational stories led to an intense burst of national
pride & desire for an aggressive foreign policy.
•Role of media
•U.S.S. Maine
•War in Cuba
•Teller amendment
•Philippines
•Differing opinions on imperialism
PROBLEMS BETWEEN CUBA AND THEIR SPANISH
RULERS DOMINATE AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AT
THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Florida
CUBA
YELLOW JOURNALISM
CARTOON
WHERE THE
TERM “YELLOW
JOURNALISM”
CAME FROM
IN 1898 NEWSPAPERS PROVIDED THE
PUBLIC WITH INFORMATION. PEOPLE
LACKED THE ABILITY TO VERIFY IF THE
STORIES WERE BIASED OR INACCURATE
AND THEREFORE RELIED UPON
NEWSPAPERS TO TELL THE TRUTH.
PULITZER AND HEARST TOOK ADVANTAGE
OF THE PUBLIC’S IGNORANCE BY
TWISTING THE TRUTH TO SELL MORE
NEWSPAPERS. SENSATIONALIZED
STORIES WERE FEATURED HEAVILY IN
THEIR NEWSPAPERS SINCE EXCITING
HEADLINES INCREASED CIRCULATION.
NEWSPAPERS FOCUSED ON SPANISH
ATROCITIES TOWARDS THE CUBAN PEOPLE
TO IGNITE PASSIONS AGAINST SPAIN
SPANISH GENERAL
WEYLER WAS SEEN AS A
“BUTCHER” IN THE US
FOR HIS TREATMENT OF
THE CUBAN PEOPLE
The U.S. public was especially
sympathetic towards women in
Cuba. Hearst focused on a
young woman, known in the
United States as Evangelina
Cisneros, who was imprisoned
in Havana. Petitions for her
freedom were signed by
prominent U.S. women and the
pope, and addressed to the
Queen regent of Spain.
Evangelina managed to escape
with the help of correspondent
Karl Decker, who probably
bribed her guards. The story
presented to the public was
that of a heroic "journalist that
acts."
ALL THAT WAS NEEDED TO START A WAR WAS A
SPARK AND THIS CAME ON FEBRUARY 15TH,
1898, IN HAVANA HARBOR.
USS MAINE IN HAVANA, CUBA HARBOR
Yellow journalists were quick to blame the
Spanish
YELLOW JOURNALISTS WERE QUICK TO PUT THE BLAME ON SPAIN
BUT LATER RESEARCH SHOWED IT WAS PROBABLY AN ACCIDENT.
What is the message of this cartoon?
Spain is represented
as an animal who
has murdered the
soldiers in the
background. He is
stepping on the U.S.
flag while standing
on a grave of a
U.S.S. Maine sailor.
His blood soaked
hand on the
tombstone suggests
Spain was
responsible for the
deaths of
American sailors.
Teller Amendment, 1898
Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of the people
of Cuba, demanding that the Government of Spain relinquish its
authority and government in the Island of Cuba, and to withdraw its
land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directing the
President of the United States to use the land and naval forces of the
United States to carry these resolutions into effect.
Whereas the abhorrent conditions which have existed for more than
three years in the Island of Cuba, so near our own borders, have
shocked the moral sense of the people of the United States, have been
a disgrace to Christian civilization, culminating, as they have, in the
destruction of a United States battle ship, with two hundred and
sixty-six of its officers and crew, while on a friendly visit in the harbor
of Havana, and can not longer be endured, as has been set forth by
the President of the United States in his message to Congress of April
eleventh, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, upon which the action
of Congress was invited:
Therefore,
Resolved, First. That the people of the Island of Cuba are, of right
ought to be, free and independent.
Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the
Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the
Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and
government in the Island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval
forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.
Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is,
directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of
the United States, and to call into the actual service of the United
States the militia of the several States, to such extent as may be
necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.
Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition
or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over
said Island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its
determination, when that is accomplished, to leave the government
and control of the Island to its people.
THIS AMENDMENT DECLARED THE INDEPENDENCE OF
CUBA AFTER THE WAR.
The Spanish American War
Create a graphic organizer on the causes of the Spanish American War.
Make sure to use a title for the graphic organizer.
Spanish – American War Time Line
Jan.1898
Feb. 1898
Feb.15, 1898
Feb.25, 1898
March 1898
Apr. 11, 1898
Apr. 20, 1898
Riots erupted in Havana, Cuba. Pres. McKinley sent
U.S.S. Maine to protect U.S. citizens & property.
Spanish ambassador Dupuy de Lome letter ridiculed
McKinley. Intensified anti-Spanish sentiments.
An explosion sank the Maine-killed 250 U.S. sailors.
Americans blamed Spain.
T. Roosevelt cabled naval commanders in the Pacific to
attack the Spanish fleet in the Philippines if war with Spain.
McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain. Spain accepted
all but the last demand – Cuban independence.
McKinley sent a war message to Congress.
“Remember the Maine!”
Although Cuba was not a U.S. territory, Congress issued a
Resolution declaring Cuba independent & demanding
Spain leave the island within three days. Teller Amendment
May 1, 1898
Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships
in Manila Bay. U.S. warships bottled up Spain in Santiago.
Jun.22, 1898
Landing on this day, the U.S. troops captured the hills
around the main Spanish forces at Santiago.
July 1, 1898
Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in a charge up San Juan
Hill, a famous incident of the war.
Spanish fleet made a desperate attempt to escape Santiago.
The U.S. Navy sank every Spanish ship.
July 3, 1898
Aug. 12, 1898
After U.S. troops invaded Spanish held Puerto Rico,
Spain signed a cease-fire agreement.
Aug. 13, 1898
U.S. troops & Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo
Took control of the Philippine capital, Manila.
Dec. 1898
U.S. & Spain sign the Treaty of Paris. Spain recognized
Cuba’s independence. $20million U.S. gains Philippines,
Puerto Rico, and Guam.
Feb. 1899
The U.S. Senate ratified the Treaty, but not without great
Debate.
Troops mobilizing for war
MAP OF THE FIGHTING IN THE CUBAN CAMPAIGN
FROM THE WEST POINT ATLAS OF AMERICAN WAR.
Soldiers breaking down camp
Members of the 17th U.S. Infantry break camp on the morning
of June 30, 1898, in preparation for their move on El Caney, Cuba.
Rising over the hill in the background is the Signal Corps observation
balloon.
US GATLING GUNS: AN EARLY TYPE OF
MACHINE GUN
THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE “ROUGH
RIDERS” IN CUBA
BATTLE SCENE WITH TEDDY
ROOSEVELT ON THE HORSE
ARMY NURSES DURING THE
SPANISH AMERICAN WAR
WHAT DOES THIS CARTOON SUGGEST IS
THE SITUATION FOR THE CUBANS?
IF SHE (CUBA) JUMPS FROM THE FRYING PAN SHE WILL LEAP INTO
THE FIRE. THIS IS THE JUSTIFICATION THAT WAS USED TO TAKE OVER
THE RULE OF CUBA AFTER THE SPANISH WERE DEFEATED.
US FORCES CONQUER THE PHILIPPINES
US MILITARY OPERATIONS IN THE
PHILIPPINES
US DESTROYS THE SPANISH FLEET AT MANILA BAY
ADMIRAL DEWEY, HERO OF THE NAVAL BATTLE
OF MANILA BAY
U.S.S. Olympia, Penn’s Landing, Philadelphia
"The oldest steel-hulled American warship afloat, the U.S.S. Olympia
served as Commodore George Dewey's flagship during the Battle of
Manila Bay on May 1, 1898.
"New Navy" of the 1880s and 1890s designed to correct the
deficiencies of a weakened and neglected naval force. This
program was directly responsible for the rise of the steel
shipbuilding industry of the United States. Olympia is the last
remaining ship built during that program and the sole surviving
naval combatant of the Spanish-American War."
AMERICAN EXPANSION
Identify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence in
certain territories following The Spanish-American War.
Areas gained or
had influence in
Cuba
Guam
Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had
influence in certain territories.
Teller Amendment. To protect U.S. business interests
Pres. McKinley installed a military gov’t. (3 years).
U.S. military gov’t authorized Cuba to draft a constitution.
U.S. gov’t only agreed to remove its troops if the Cubans
included provisions outlined in the Platt Amendment.
The U.S. gained control of Guam as a result of the Peace
Treaty that ended the Spanish-American War. To be
used as a refueling station and military base to protect
U.S. interest in the Pacific.
US OCCUPIES TWO MORE SPANISH
COLONIAL POSSESSIONS
GUAM AND PUERTO RICO ISLANDS taken over
by The U.S. after the Spanish-American War
AMERICAN EXPANSION
Identify and explain how and why the U.S. gained or had influence in
certain territories following The Spanish-American War.
Areas gained or
had influence in
Puerto Rico
Explain how and why the U.S. gained or had
influence in certain territories.
Unlike Cuba, Puerto Rico did not become independent.
The U.S. maintained a military gov’t until 1900.
The Foraker Act 1900 established a civil gov’t, still
under U.S. control. /
To stem a growing independence
movement, the U.S. gov’t granted Puerto Ricans
American citizenship – Jones Act 1917.
Puerto Ricans could elect their local legislatures, the U.S.
retained the power to appoint key officials.
Pres. McKinley – “They were unfit for self-gov’t, we must
educate, uplift and civilize and Christianize them.”
Warned that if the U.S. did not act first, European
The Philippines
powers might. Emilio Aguinaldo declared the
Philippines a republic, the U.S. ignored him. A bitter
three year war followed. Gained independence in 1946.
WHO DO THE FIGURES
REPRESENT?
WHAT IS LADY LIBERTY
SHOWING BY PARTING
THE CURTAINS ON
EVENTS IN THE U.S.?
EXPLAIN WHY THIS IS AN
ANTI-IMPERIALIST
CARTOON.
United States wants to expand in
Latin America and Pacific.
In Cuba and Philippines, people rebel
against Spanish rule.
Demands for involvement from American
expansionists and newspapers.
Explosion sinks American battleship
U.S.S. Maine in Cuban harbor. Cause of
the explosion is unknown, but angry
Americans blame Spain.
U.S. defeats Spain
in three months.
Spain recognizes
Cuba’s independ.
U.S. controls Cuban
politics & economy.
The SpanishAmerican War Puerto Rico,
Philippines, Guam
become U.S.
territories.
U.S. is recognized
as a world power.
Other Gains in The Pacific
Complete the chart below to highlight how U.S. intervention brought about
changes in its relationships with Hawaii, Samoa, and China.
Country
Hawaii
Early
Relationship
Important to U.S.
business interests
Hawaiian sugar
duty-free.
Increased U.S.
Intervention
Changed
Relationship
Leased Pearl Harbor
1898 Congress
to the U.S. Hawaiian
approved
King forced to give
annexation.
control to white
Hawaiian born planters.
Queen Liliuokalani opposed
U.S. control of the islands.
U.S. Marines help Sanford
B. Dole remove the Queen.
He declared a republic &
asked the U.S. to annex.
What role does the U.S. play?
Queen Liliuokalani,
LAST QUEEN OF HAWAII
SANFORD DOLE
Became president of the republic of Hawaii after
the queen was overthrown. Hawaii was annexed as
part of the u.s. in 1898
THE US BECOMES AN IMPERIAL POWER
HAWAII: 1898
MIDWAY ISLAND: 1867
WAKE ISLAND: 1898
GUAM: 1898
JOHNSTON ISLAND: 1898
PALMYRA ISLAND: 1898
SAMOA ISLAND: 1899
PHILIPPINES: 1898
PUERTO RICO: 1898
What is happening in this cartoon?
“WELL I HARDLY KNOW WHICH TO TAKE FIRST”.
Uncle Sam is being served by President McKinley.
Other Gains in The Pacific
Country
Samoa
China
Early
Relationship
Increased U.S.
Intervention
Changed
Relationship
1878 Trade
Tension between
relationship Protection European powers
for harbor lease at
& U.S. almost led to
Pago Pago
war. A 3-way
protectorate of
Samoa.
Britain w/draws,
Germany & the
U.S. divide islands
U.S. acquired the
Harbor at Pago
Pago.
Trade relationship
Following the
Boxer Rebellion
the U.S. reaffirmed
the principle of
open trade in
China.
Open Door Policy
European Powers
keep an “open door”
to China
BOXER REBELLION, 1900
THE CHINESE PEOPLE REACT TO IMPERIALISM
REVOLT OF CHINESE AGAINST FOREIGNERS IN CHINA IN 1900
Boxer rebel
BOXER SOLDIER
Called “boxers” because most were martial
artists and Westerners did not know what to
call them.
Boxer troops entered the foreign
held Peking (Beijing)
The Boxers did not want foreigners to control China.
An international force
retaliated and seized control
of Peking
Several western countries sent troops to China, such as the U.S.,
Japan, Russia, Germany, Austria, France, and Great Britain.
Who do all of the figures represent?
The figures represent China,
U.S. Britain, Russia, Italy,
Germany, and France.
CHINA WAS FORCED TO PAY
REPARATIONS TO THE
FOREIGN INVADERS OF
CHINA FOR DAMAGES THE
BOXERS DID TO
FOREIGNERS PROPERTY IN
THE SPHERES OF
INFLUENCE.
Anti-imperialist cartoon
“TAKING OUR PLACE AMONG THE NATIONS”
WHO IS AT THE FAR LEFT?
China
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THIS CARTOON?
Criticize the US for joining the other imperialist nations taking unfair
advantage of a weak China.
WHAT GROUP WOULD SUPPORT THIS CARTOON?
Anti-Imperialist League
OPEN DOOR POLICY
WHO ARE THE LAND GRABBERS? WHY DO YOU THINK UNCLE
SAM IS TRYING TO STOP THEM?
Leading countries of Europe
and Japan.
All nations should have equal
Trading rights in China –
Open Door Policy