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Why do you think the newly-created
United States most needed a navy?
A. To invade European countries
B. To protect American
trading vessels
C. To protect coastal cities
from attack
D. To explore and colonize
new lands
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B.
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Chapter 9 The Era of
Jefferson (1800-1816)
Section 3 A Time of Conflict
What were the challenges to the
nation’s stability during the late
1700s and early 1800s?
Americans on Foreign Seas
• Sea travel was dangerous
in the early 1800s
• Storms and pirates
• But Americans depended
on trade with foreign
nations and had to travel
by ship
• Ships sailed to China,
India, South America,
Africa, and along the
Mediterranean Sea
• Brought back goods
• War between France and
Britain allowed American
ships to benefit from trade
Barbary Pirates
• Pirates from the Barbary
Coast states terrorized
ships sailing on the
Mediterranean
• Barbary Coast states of
North Africa- Morocco,
Algiers, Tripoli, and Tunis
• Pirates demanded tribute
(protection money) from
their country’s
governments to let their
ships pass safely
• European countries paid
tribute because they felt it
was cheaper than going to
war with them
War With Tripoli
• The US also had to pay
tribute to the Barbary
Coast states
• The ruler of Tripoli didn’t
think it was enough
• 1801- The ruler asked for
more money
• Jefferson refused- Tripoli
declared war on the US
• Jefferson sent ships to
blockade Tripoli, but the
conflict continued
Why did Tripoli declare war on the
United States?
A. The United States refused
to pay tribute.
B. The United States blockaded
the coast of Tripoli.
C. The United States refused to
trade with Tripoli.
D. American pirates were boarding
trading vessels from Tripoli.
A. A
B. B
C
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A
B
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More of the War With Tripoli
• 1804- Pirates seized the warship
Philadelphia
• The crew was thrown in jail
• Stephen Decatur, a 25-year-old
US Navy captain, took action
• Decatur and a small group
burned the captured ships to
prevent the pirates from using it
• A British admiral called it the
“most bold and daring act of the
age”
• June 1805- The War ended and
Tripoli agreed to stop demanding
tribute
• The US had to pay $60,000 for
the prisoners to be released
• Tribute payments did not stop
completely until 1815
Freedom of the Seas
• Jefferson was
reelected in 1804
• The nation was at
peace
• France and Britain
were fighting a war and
it threatened American
trade
• The US was caught in
the middle of the war
with France and Britain
Neutral Rights Violated
• The US had a prosperous trade
with both France and Britain
• As long as the US stayed neutral,
shippers could continue doing
business
• A nation not involved in the
conflict had neutral rights (right
to sail the seas and not take
sides)
• For two years, American shipping
prospered
• 1805- Britain and France lost
patience with American
“neutrality”
• Both threatened to search or
seize ships trading with their
enemy
American Sailors Kidnapped
• The British were in
desperate need of sailors
for their naval war
• Many deserted because
of living conditions in the
British Royal Navy
• The British again started
impressment
• 1000s of Americans were
taken and forced to be in
the British Navy
Attack on the Chesapeake
• June 1807 off the coast
of Virginia
• The Leopard, British
warship, stopped the
American vessel
Chesapeake
• The British captain
demanded to search the
American ship for British
deserters
• The Chesapeake’s
captain refused
• The British opened fire,
crippled the ship and
killed three crew
members
More of the Attack on the Chesapeake
• As news spread,
Americans reacted with
an anti-British fury
• Secretary of State,
James Madison, called
the attack an outrage
• Many Americans
demanded war against
Britain
• President Jefferson
sought action other than
war
The Embargo Act
• To “punish” the British, Congress
passed the Embargo Act in
December 1807
• An embargo prohibits trade with
another country
• In addition to Britain, the act
banned imports and exports from
ALL foreign countries
• Jefferson and Madison wanted to
avoid war, but they wanted to hurt
Britain by banning the trade of
agricultural products
• The Act was a disasterAmericans had no trade and it
was ineffective against the British
• Congress then enacted the
Nonintercourse Act which
prohibited trade only with Britain
and France
Why did the Embargo Act backfire?
A. Because it allowed pirates
to take control of the seas.
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C. Because it caused taxes
B.
to be raised.
C.
D. Because it cut the United States
D.
off from trade with other countries.
B
B. Because it caused France
and England to make an alliance.
Jefferson Leaves Office
• Jefferson followed
Washington and
served only two terms
• Republicans chose
James Madison as
their candidate
• The Federalists
nominated Charles
Pinckney
• Madison won 122 to
47
War Fever
• Cries of war grew louder
• 1810- Congress passed a law
permitting direct trade with
France or Britain
• Depending on which would lift
trade restrictions against the
US first
• Napoleon seized the
opportunity and promised to
end France’s trade restrictions
• France continued to take
American ships and selling
them for profit
• The nation was ready for war,
but didn’t know which side to
fight
Frontier Conflicts
• Madison received news about
problems in the “West”
• Ohio became a state in 1803
and white settlers started
taking Native American land
(again)
• Native Americans renewed
their contracts with the British
• Other Native Americans
pursued a new strategy
• Tecumseh, a powerful
Shawnee chief, built a
confederacy among Native
American nations in the
Northwest
Tecumseh
• Planned to halt white movement
into Native American lands
• Tecumseh said the treaties
were worthless
• “The Great Spirit gave this great
island to his red children”
• Tecumseh said- “The white
people have no right to take the
land from the Indians, because
the Indians had it first”
• Tecumseh’s brother,
Tenskwatawa, was known as a
prophet
• In Indiana, the prophet set up
Prophetstown where the
Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers
meet
A Meeting With Harrison
• William Henry Harrison,
governor of the Indiana
Territory, became alarmed
• The Shawnee brothers’
power was growing
• Harrison feared they would
join with the British
• Harrison wrote to Tecumseh
and told him that the US had
more warriors than all the
Indian nations combined
• Tecumseh replied to
Harrison in person- saying
that too much land and lives
have already been taken
The Battle of Tippecanoe
• Tecumseh went south to
expand the confederacy
• Harrison attacked
Prophetstown on the
Tippecanoe River
• After more than 2 hours,
the Prophet’s forces fled
in defeat
• The Battle of
Tippecanoe was
declared a glorious
victory for the Americans
• Harrison’s victory led
Tecumseh’s forces to join
with the British
What was one effect of the Battle of
Tippecanoe?
A. Many soldiers deserted.
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C. It inspired anti-Native American
sentiment among the War Hawks. B.
D. It drove Chief Tecumseh to make C.
an alliance with the British.
D.
B
B. It diverted much needed
funds into the military.
War Hawks
• Madison faced demands for war
against Britain
• The most pressure came from a
group of young Republicans
known as the War Hawks
• They wanted war with Britain
• The leading War Hawks were
Kentucky’s Henry Clay and South
Carolina’s John Calhoun
• The War Hawks supported
increases in military spending and
were driven by hunger for land
• War Hawks wanted to expand the
nations power and nationalism
• The Federalists in the Northeast
remained strongly opposed to war
Declaring War
• Spring 1812- Madison
knew war was inevitable
• Madison asked Congress
for a declaration of war
• Meanwhile, the British
had decided to end their
policy of search and
seizure of American
ships
• The news did not get
across the Atlantic in
time
• Once set in motion, the
war machine could not
be stopped
What were the challenges to the
nation’s stability during the late
1700s and early 1800s?
– 1. threats to trade, including the Barbary
pirates, seizure of U.S. ships by Britain and
France
– 2. Tension in the West between settlers and
Native Americans
– 3. British-Native American alliances