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American Expansion
Overseas
1898-1914
American Isolationism
Up until the 1880’s. . .
1. The undeveloped American
West of the 1800’s was like
a colony.
2. Not a real “need” for raw
materials.
3. Limitless trade
opportunities to Europe
and its colonies.
4. America had been a
colony, and its unconscious
sympathies were with other
colonies.
Hawaii
H
A
W
A
I
I
• 1820’s—New England
missionary settlements
• 1820’s—Additional settlement
by whalers, traders, shippers
• 1840’s—U.S. has developed
close ties, supports
independence
• 1875—Treaty signed allowing
Hawaii to sell duty-free sugar
to U.S.
• 1887—Pearl Harbor leased to
U.S. as a naval base.
Queen Lili’uokalani
• Jan 14, 1893—Announces
intentions of creating new
constitution, honoring Hawaiian
autonomy
• American sugar businessmen
start a revolution.
• Marines called in—revolution
successful; Queen Liliuokalani
deposed on Jan 17, 1893
• February 1, 1893- Hawaii annex
treaty sent to Senate—but
withdrawn by Cleveland when
he became President.
• Eventual annexation in
1898
Captain Alfred Mahan
• 1890
• The Influence of Sea Power
upon History
– Attempts to show that to
be a great nation, a great
navy is needed.
– Colonies needed as
naval bases for refueling,
raw materials, and
markets.
The New Imperialism
• Imperialism--A
country’s policy of
establishing colonies
and building empires
for economic gain,
prestige, and
missionary purposes.
– 1500-1600’s- Great
Britain, France, Spain,
Portugal, Dutch.
– 1800’s- Germany, Italy,
Belgium, Japan begin
•
America begins to
rethink isolationism
Reasons:
1. Industrial
Revolution
demanded new raw
materials and
increased trade.
2. New Frontier—
safety valve thru
trade
3. Pride in the creation
of an empire.
SPAM War Peace Treaty of 1898
1. Cuba gets freedom from Spain.
2. United States is given Puerto Rico,
and Guam.
3. United States would pay $20
million for the Philippines.
4. With ratification of the treaty,
America acquires an empire
overnight.
Cuba , the Philippines, and
Puerto Rico
• Cuba becomes a
protectorate of the
United States.
• Philippine
Government Act of
1902
– 1916- allowed to elect
both houses of
legislature, and
promised
independence
•Puerto Rico govt
established through
Foraker Act of 1900
•1916- P. R. made a
territory and made
Puerto Ricans
American citizens.
Cuban Independence
•
•
•
1901 Platt Amendment
1. The Cuban government
must never enter into any
foreign relationships that
might endanger its
independence.
2. The Cuban government
must not incur debts it
cannot repay.
3. United States has full
authority to intervene when
Cuban independence is
threatened.
4. Cuban government must
provide naval bases for the
United States.
Platt Amendment had to be
written into the new Cuban
constitution.
Cuba becomes a protectorate
of the United States.
SPAM War: Aftermath with the Philippines
• Emilio Aguinaldo
– Leads Filipino rebels
against 70,000 US troops.
– Captured in 1901.
• Philippine Government
Act of 1902
– Established an appointed
governor, elected
assembly, and an
appointed upper house.
– William Howard Taft
appointed to be the first
governor.
• 1916- allowed to elect
both houses of
legislature, and
promised independence.
What to do with the
Philippines?
• Questions for America?
– Return to Spain?
• No, we just took them from
them.
– Turn over to Great Britain or
France?
• No, bad for business
– Give independence to
them?
• No, Peoples “not smart
enough”
• Answer– Take control,
educate and Christianize
the people.
Puerto Rico
• Foraker Act of 1900
– Established a new
government in Puerto
Rico.
– Governor and
executive council
appointed by the
President.
– Elected lower house.
• 1916- Made a
territory and made
Puerto Ricans
American citizens.
The Insular Cases--1901
• Question of whether
American colonies had
protected rights under the
Constitution?
• Supreme Court decision
– Incorporated possessions
(Alaska and Hawaii) were
destined for statehood, and
had constitutional rights.
– Unincorporated possessions
(Puerto Rico and Philippines)
were not destined for
statehood and did not have
constitutional protections, but
could not be deprived of life,
liberty, or property w/out due
process of law.
Presidential Politics 1900
• McKinley (Rep) vs Bryan (Dem)
– Issues:
• Imperialism
• “Bryanism”—free silver issue
• Results:
– McKinley-- 7.2 m votes/292 elec
– Bryan-- 6.3 m votes/155 elec
• Death of McKinley
– Sept 1901 assassination
• TR becomes President
The Age of Imperialism:
The U.S. and the Far East
China and Japan
Relations with China
• Long standing trade
relationship of furs for
porcelain and silk.
• Chinese become disturbed
with foreign influence from
America and Great Britain.
• Sino-Japanese War of
1894-1895
– Japan invades China
– European nations try to divide
mainland China—create
economic “spheres of
influence”.
– American concerned with
losing Chinese trade
relations.
Open Door Policy—1899
•
Secretary of State
John Hay proposes:
1. Keep all treaty ports
open.
2. All nations trading
with China would be
on equal ground.
The Boxer Rebellion
• the “Boxers”- Chinese
secret society determined
to remove all foreigners
from China.
• 1900- 300 foreigners killed.
– August 1900- rebellion is
crushed by army of 18,000
coalition force from foreign
powers, incl. U.S.
– China forced to pay
reparations of $333 million
– United States returns extra
share to the Chinese
government and allows
Chinese students to come to
America and study.
• Isolated nation- foreigners
forbidden to enter the country.
• 1854: Commodore Mathew
Perry
– Sent by President Fillmore to
negotiate a trade treaty.
– Arrives w/ 4 steam-powered
ships– USS Fulton.
– Japanese so impressed they
open 2 ports to American
traders.
• Japanese intrigue with
industrialization ends its
isolation.
– Becomes an imperial nation
and takes colonies for raw
materials.
– 1894- invades China
– 1900- invades Russia
Japan
The Japanese in the U.S.
• TR brokers end to Russo-Japanese War
• Post Russo-Japanese War
– Increased immigration to U.S. in CA
– “Yellow Peril”
• “Gentlemen’s Agreement”—1907
– Repeal of school order for reduced
immigration
• Great White Fleet—1907
• 1908—Root-Takahira Agreement
The Age of Imperialism:
TR, Taft, Wilson and the
Post-SPAM War role of the
U.S. in the Western
Hemisphere
The Panama Canal
The Need for a Canal
• American vessels had
to make a 6 week
voyage around S.
America to get from
the west coast to the
east coast.
• 1878-1898: French
tried to build a canal
on the Isthmus of
Panama but failed.
1903 Colombian Negotiations
• Isthmus of Panama a
province of Colombia.
• Secretary of State John
Hay negotiates a treaty.
– 99 year lease on a 6 mile
strip of land across Panama
for $10 million and
$250,000/year rent.
• Colombia Admin agrees,
but Legislature refuses to
ratify– wants more money.
• President Theodore
Roosevelt is furious.
Panama Revolution
• Group of Panamanian
revolutionaries ask for U.S.
aid in revolting against
Colombia.
• Marines sent in to “protect
American interests.”
• Colombia sends troops, but
American forces prevail
• November, 1903- 3 days
later, new government
established in Panama.
• Two-weeks later U.S. given
rights to build the canal.
– Panama is paid $10 million
for a 10 mile strip of land.
– Yearly rental of $250,000.
1904-1914:
Building the Canal
• United States Army Corp of
Engineers begin building.
• Yellow fever and malaria a
problem.
– Dr. Walter Reed discovers
that it was transmitted by
mosquitoes.
– Swamps drained to destroy
the breeding grounds.
• 1914- “Big Ditch” is
completed.
– $400 million project.
– 200 million cubic yards of
earth removed.
Election of 1904
• Republican
– Theodore Roosevelt
– Roosevelt disavows
own party
• “Every man will have
a ‘square deal’ as
long as I am
President.”
• Democrat
– Alton Parker
– New York judge
• Roosevelt Wins !!
Monroe Doctrine Challenges
• 1902, 1905
• Various Latin American
countries cannot repay
debts to European
countries
– Venezuela
– Dom. Republic
• Countries threaten or
attempt to intervene
– Germany
Roosevelt Corollary
• Roosevelt announces
that the U.S. will
interfere in Latin
American disputes on
behalf of the European
nations.
• United States becomes
“international
policeman” of the
Western Hemisphere.
• “speak softly and carry
a big stick.”–
Roosevelt.
Election of 1908
• Republican
– Roosevelt follows
through on promise
not to run
– Protégé:
William Howard Taft
• Democrat
– William Jennings
Bryan
– Supported by A.F. of L
labor union.
• Taft wins in a
landslide.
“Dollar Diplomacy” of Taft’s
Administration—1908-1912
• United States “influence”
in Latin America by
William Howard Taft.
• American bankers lend
money to Latin American
govts.
• When debtors failed to
repay the debts, U.S.
govt. intervened to
“protect” American
investments.
– Usually meant the landing
of the Marines.
Election of 1912
• Republican Party
– William Howard Taft
• Democratic Party
– Woodrow Wilson
• Progressive Party
– Theodore Roosevelt,
angry w/ Taft, creates
own party when refused
admission to the
Republican Convention.
– “Bull Moose” Party
Election of 1912
• Republican Party split between
Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party) and Taft.
• Wilson wins
– Wilson- 435 electoral votes
– Roosevelt- 88 electoral votes
– Taft- 8 electoral votes
Wilsonian Foreign Policy in
the Western Hemisphere
Troubles with Mexico
• Mexicans still angry
over the 1848 war with
America.
– Lost 1/3rd of their land.
• Ongoing disputes over
Rio Grande, cattle
rustling, and Indians.
• By 1913, Americans
had invested $1 billion
in Mexico.
Mexican Revolution
• 1910- Long-time
President Diaz is
overthrown by Victoriano
Huerta.
– U.S. loses a powerful ally.
• American investors
“disturbed” by the
events.
• President Woodrow
Wilson announces
“watchful waiting” policy.
– Belief that revolutionary
government would be
gotten rid of by Mexican
people.
American Intervention
• Huerta attempts to
seize American
property.
• April, 1914- Germany
attempts to send arms
to the new Mexican
govt.
• Wilson orders marines
to invade Mexico.
ABC Mediation
• Argentina, Brazil, and
Chile order mediation
between U.S. and
Mexico.
• Huerta asked to
retire– he does.
• Replaced by rival,
Carranza.
– Becomes ally to the
United States.
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
• Splits with Carranza
over alliance with
America.
• 1916- kills 18
Americans.
• Crosses border into
New Mexico and kills
17 Americans.
• Wilson orders troops
to capture Villa “dead
or alive.”
• General John
Pershing leads 5,000
troops into Mexico.
– Withdraws due to
Mexican resentment.
– Never captures Villa.
The U.S. and Europe:
Foreign Policy pre-WWI
William Jennings Bryan
• U.S. Secretary of
State under Woodrow
Wilson.
• In years before WWI,
America is working to
forestall conflicts, and
create a conflict
resolution process
• Negotiated treaties
with 21 nations in
1913 and 1914.
– Any dispute between
the U.S. and any of
these nations would
be investigated by a
joint commission.
Causes of WWI
•Nationalism
•Imperialism
•Militarism
•System of Alliances
•Instigating event:
Assassination of Archduke Franz
Ferdinand & wife in July 1914
War-time Alliances
Central Powers
• Germany
• Austria-Hungary
• Ottoman Empire
– Secret alliance
with both nations
brings the
Ottoman-Turks
into the war.
•
•
•
•
Allied Powers
Britain
France
Russia
Italy
– Joins Allies
because of
promises of new
colonies.
American Neutrality—1914-1917
• President
Woodrow Wilson
urges American
neutrality despite
ties to immigrant
families in Europe.
• Interested in free
trade and
neutrality of the
seas
British Blockade
• British navy sets
up minefields in
the North Sea
along the German
coast.
• American trade is
disrupted.
Submarine Warfare
• Germans build U-boats
(submarines) in
response to the powerful
British Navy.
• Designed to lurk under
the water, strike w/out
warning, and slip away
quickly.
– Germany fires on many
trading vessels, not just
war ships.
The Sinking of the Lusitania
• German U-boats
patrol the North
Atlantic shipping
lanes.
• May 7, 1915- British
passenger boat is
sunk by U-boats.
– 1,200 people are killed,
including 128
Americans.
• American State Dept.
issues strong
protests.
– Germans issue a
statement that ocean
liners would no longer
be targets.
“Sussex pledge”
• March, 1916- Germany
breaks promise and
sinks French passenger
boat, Sussex.
• United States threatens
to break off relations w/
Germany.
• Germany pledges to
stop sinking passenger
ships, if U.S. would
persuade Britain to
open its blockade and
allow food into
Germany.
– America refuses.
Election of 1916
• Democrats
– Woodrow Wilson
• Republicans
– Charles Evans
Hughes
• Wilson runs on
campaign slogan“He kept us out of
war.”
– Highly criticized for
neutrality policies, but
orders a massive
buildup of arms and
munitions.
– Secretary of State
Bryan resigns.
• Wilson narrowly wins.