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THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 13 The Way West The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Way West • • • • • The Agricultural Frontier The Frontier of the Plains Indians The Mexican Borderlands Politics, Expansion, and War Conclusion The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. As depicted in this painting by George Catlin, Native Americans were still the dominant power on the Great Plains The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives • How did economic and demographic pressures in the East spur Western migration? • What strategies did the Sioux use to maintain their power on the Great Plains? • What forces contributed to the Americanization of Texas? • Why was James K. Polk so eager to provoke a war with Mexico? The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction • Some 300,000 Americans traveled the Oregon Trail in the 1840s and 1850s in a trek that eventually made the United States a nation that spanned the continent. • The concept of Manifest Destiny provided a justification for aggressive expansion across the continent. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction (cont'd) Oregon Trail - Overland trail of more than 2,000 miles that carried American settlers from the Midwest to new settlements in Oregon, California, and Utah. Manifest Destiny - Doctrine, first expressed in 1845, that the expansion of white Americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Agricultural Frontier The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Crowded East • By the early 1800s, land was scarce in the East, especially New England. Land was more productive and expensive in the Middle Atlantic states. In the South, planters controlled the best lands. • Facing limited opportunities, the young and poor in the rural East had strong incentives to move west where land was cheap and fertile. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Crowded East (cont'd) • Public land prices fell between 1800 and 1830. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MAP 13–1 The Westward Shift of the United States Population, 1790–1850 The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Old Northwest • The number of settlers in the Old Northwest rose tenfold between 1810 and 1840. • The Old Northwest was a mosaic of different settlements with diverging values and folkways. Migration belts tended to move east to west, maintaining the same North-South cultural differences as existed along the Atlantic coast. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Old Northwest (cont’d) • Wheat became the major cash crop in the North and contributed to northern manufacturing. Claims club - A group of local settlers on the nineteenth-century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auctions. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Shown here demonstrating his reaper to potential customers, McCormick helped revolutionize American agriculture with labor-saving machinery The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Old Southwest • Skyrocketing cotton prices and the defeat of the Indian confederacies stimulated a land boom in the Old Southwest. • In less than 30 years, six new slave states entered the Union: Mississippi, Alabama, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and Texas. • The southwestern frontier attracted planters and independent farmers. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Old Southwest (cont’d) • The Southwest Ordinance of 1790 opened all territories south of the Ohio River to slavery. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Westward Expansion and the Growth of the Union, 1815–1850 The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Frontier of the Plains Indians The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Tribal Lands • In the 1830s, the United States set aside land west of the Mississippi River for displaced Native Americans. • The Sioux were the dominant power on the northern and central Great Plains. • Trade in buffalo hides increased in the early 1800s. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Tribal Lands (cont'd) • Epidemic diseases helped Sioux expansion since the nomadic Sioux were less susceptible to the disease than the sedentary, agricultural peoples. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Shown here is a Lakota shirt, c. 1850 The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This painting by George Catlin captures the excitement of a buffalo hunt on the mixed-grass prairie. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Fur Traders • The western fur trade originated in the rivalry between British Hudson’s Bay Company and the American Rocky Mountain Fur Company. • Mountain men acted as trappers for the fur companies. They lived in brutal, harsh conditions and mortality rates among trappers ran as high as 80 percent a year. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Fur Traders (cont’d) • The rendezvous system brought trappers, Native Americans, and traders together in an annual fair to trade furs for various goods. • In the 1830s, the fur trade decimated the animal population and disease ravaged Native American tribes. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The annual rendezvous in Wyoming of fur trappers and traders The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Oregon Trail • Between the 1840s and early 1850s, about 150,000 Americans made the overland trip from Missouri to Oregon, Utah, and California. • Under an 1818 agreement, Oregon territory was administered jointly by the United States and Great Britain. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Oregon Trail (cont'd) • The overland trip was long and arduous, requiring cooperation among families traveling in the wagon trains. • The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 was the first attempt to draw boundaries to contain the Plains Indians. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MAP 13–2 Western Overland Trails The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 13–1 Overland Emigration to the West, 1840–1860 The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chimney Rock in Nebraska The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This painting by Alfred James Miller depicts the busy interior of Fort Laramie in 1837. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Mexican Borderlands The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Peoples of the Southwest • Diverse peoples lived in the Southwest. Full-blooded Native Americans, who retained their traditional languages and customs, were the largest group. Mestizos were of mixed Native American-Spanish ancestry, while criollos were Americanborn whites of Spanish ancestry. The smallest group were Spaniards. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Mexican Borderlands (cont'd) • The three centers of white settlement were Texas, New Mexico, and Alta California. Santa Fe Trial - Overland trial across the southern plains from St. Louis to New Mexico that funneled American traders and goods to Spanish-speaking settlements in the Southwest. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Americanization of Texas • Administration of Texas was problematic for Mexico. Settlement was sparse, the economy was struggling, and communication difficult. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Americanization of Texas (cont'd) • The Mexican government encouraged American settlement by offering large land grants to empresarios. The agreement required the Americans to accept Mexican citizenship, convert to Catholicism, and obey the Mexican government. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Americanization of Texas (cont'd) • American settlers poured into the region, many bringing slaves. Relations between the Americans and Mexican government declined, leading to a successful rebellion and the creation of the Texas Republic in 1836. Tejano - A person of Spanish or Mexican descent born in Texas. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Americanization of Texas (cont'd) Empresario - An agent who received a land grant from the Spanish or Mexican government in return for organizing settlements. Alamo - Franciscan mission at San Antonio, Texas, that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MAP 13–3 Texas and Mexico after the Texas Revolt The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This anti-Catholic lithograph sarcastically depicts the “rulers” of Mexico as lecherous Catholic clerics The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Push into California and the Southwest • Mexican administration of California was always weak. The secularization of the mission system, opened lands for settlement and by the 1830s, the rancho system had been established. • American settlers to California included Yankees from New England and New York in the coastal cities, and midwestern farmers in central valleys. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Push into California and the Southwest (cont’d) • American merchants opened up the Santa Fe trail. • Utah was settled by the Mormons. Californios: Persons of Spanish descent living in California. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Dominating Nauvoo, Illinois, by the early 1840s was the this large temple built by the Mormos. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Politics, Expansion, and War The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Politics, Expansion, and War • The Democrats viewed their victory in the election of 1844 as a mandate for expansion. Through a combination of war and negotiation, the U.S. became a nation that spanned a continent. Mexican Cession of 1848 - The land ceded to the U.S. by Mexico in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny assumed the white Americans had a special mission to spread civilization and democracy. • It fueled and justified expansion of the United States across the continent and was closely associated with the Democratic Party. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Late-1872 evocation of the spirit of Manifest Destiny The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Mexican War • President James K. Polk was an ardent expansionist. He compromised with Britain, signing a treaty the resolved issues over Oregon. • The annexation of Texas prompted Mexico to sever diplomatic ties with the United States. • A border dispute led to the Mexican War, which ended in a stunning military victory. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Mexican War (cont'd) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ceded 1/2 of Mexico's territory to the US for a $15 million + $3.25 million in claims of US citizens against the Mexican gov't • Ratified by the US Senate 38-14 in the face of mounting opposition by Whigs who seized control of the House in the bi-elections of 1846, and others who wanted all of Mexico The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. MAP 13–4 The Mexican War The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This colorful kerchief depicts scenes from the battles of General Zachary Taylor during the Mexican War. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conclusion The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 2 February 1848 • • • • • Signed by US envoy Nicholas Trist , the treaty ceded 1/2 of Mexico's territory to the US for a $15 million + $3.25 million in claims of US citizens against the Mexican gov't It was ratified by the US Senate 38-14 in the face of mounting opposition by Whigs who seized control of the House in the bi-elections of 1846, and others who wanted all of Mexico Cost of the War -- $100 million (1) Texas and the Mississippi Valley states provided almost 50,000 volunteers while only 13,000 came from the original 13 colonies. About 13,000 Americans were killed, but most from disease, not injuries. Aftermath of the War (1) Many generals of the Civil War gained valuable field experience (2) Zachary Taylor emerged as a leading candidate for the presidency in 1848. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger All rights reserved. California Gold Rush • • • Gold was discovered in January 1848 at Johann Augustus Sutter 's mill on a branch of the American river News of the discovery soon spread and stimulated a great California gold rush By the end of 1849, California's population had swollen by 100,000. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Oregon Settlement • • • 54 40 or Fight Polk had claimed all of the Oregon Territory in his first annual message to Congress and was supported by expansionist Democrats Polk Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty 1846 Richard Pakenham , British minister to the US, requested renewal of the previous US offer to extend the Treaty line of 1818 through the Oregon territory British proposal to do just that, excluding Vancouver Island, was sent to the US Senate by Polk for advice, where the Senate ratified it 41-14, over protests of Democrats from the Old Northwest, who claimed Polk had betrayed them.Britain was also given free navigation of the Columbia River below the 49th parallel and both parties enjoyed free navigation of the channel and the Juan de Fuca Strait to the Pacific The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Results 1848 • • Campaign Free Soilers slogan - Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men . Critics of Cass noted that his name rhymed with "Jackass.“ Results Taylor won 1,360,101 to Cass 1,220,544 to Van Buren 291,263. Electoral votes -- Taylor 163 (8 slave and 7 free states) and Cass 127 (8 free and 7 slave states) Van Buren won no state, but split the Democratic vote in NY (120,510 to Cass 114,318), depriving Cass of its 36 electoral votes. Retirement of Polk - shortest in history, dying at age 54 within three months of leaving office. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Conclusion • Americans were an expansionist people. • Between 1815 and 1850, the nation expanded to the Pacific coast. • Popular pressure and Manifest Destiny fueled expansion. The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.