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Lecture Five
The Cold War Emerges
From Allies to Enemies
“If we see that Germany is winning the war
we ought to help Russia, and if Russia is
winning we ought to help Germany and in that
way let them kill as many as possible.”
Harry S. Truman, 1941
The Postwar Balance of
Power
GNP, 1950
(billions)
Defense
Spending,
1948
(billions)
United States
$381
$10.9
Soviet Union
$126
$13.1
Britain
$71
$3.4
Germany
$48
$0
Source: Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers.
The Cold War Emerges
1945-1947
Problems Arise First in Eastern
Europe: The Yalta Conference
Soviets Want Sphere of
Influence in Eastern Europe.
U.S. Wants Independent
Democratic Governments in the
Region
Soviets Have Military
Advantage; Install Pro-Soviet
Governments Throughout
Region Between 1946-49
The Soviet Periphery
Iran, 1946
Occupied by USSR & Britain
in 1946; Troops to be
W/drawn in 6 months
Soviets Do Not Withdraw,
and Begin to Pressure
Iranian Government.
U.S. Begins to Supply
Weapons to Shah of Iran
Turkey, 1945-46
Soviets Demand Control of
Dardanelles
U.S. Sends Naval Task
Force into Mediterranean
Greece, 1945-47
Civil War Between
Monarchists and Indigenous
Communists
Soviet Expansion
The Conflict Intensifies
1947-1949
The United States
Truman Doctrine and
Containment, March 12, 1947.


Aid To Greece and Turkey
Broader Strategic Agenda
The Marshall Plan, June 5, 1947.


Foreign Aid to European
Countries to Assist Reconstruction
and Prevent Communist Victories.
Marks the Beginning of the
Partition of Europe.
The Soviet Union Responds
The Berlin Blockade and Airlift,
June 24, 1948 - May 12, 1949.
Soviets Explode Atomic Bomb in
1949.
The United States Responds
NSC-68 and The Militarization of the
US-Soviet Conflict.
Ordered by Truman in Early 1950 in
Response to Soviet A-Bomb.
Evaluate Nature of Soviet Threat and
US Policy Toward the Soviet Union.
NSC-68 Concludes That:
USSR is Inherently Expansionist
Expansion Fuelled by Messianic
Faith that was Antithetical to
American Way of Life.
Containment would Require Global
Offensive Against Soviet Bloc.
Advocated Substantial U.S.
Rearmament
The Korean War
Korea Had Been Partitioned
Between U.S. and USSR in
1945.
In Summer of 1950 North
Korea Invades South Korea.
U.S. Responds By Mobilizing
UN and Pursuing War
Against North Korea.
Broader Implications:



Appears to Confirm Soviet
Expansionism
Could This Happen in
Europe?
Leads to Militarization of
Superpower Conflict in
Europe.
Consequences of the
Cold War
The Division of Europe
Division of Rest of the World into Three
Blocks

East, West, Non-Aligned Movement
All International Conflicts Viewed
through Cold War Prism
UN Rendered Ineffective
What Was the Cold War
About?
Traditionalists: Soviet Expansionism
Revisionists: American Expansionism
Post-Revisionists: Bipolar Power
Structure
One Puzzling Question:
Why No War Between USSR and US?