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Out of Many A History of the American People Seventh Edition Brief Sixth Edition Chapter 26 The Cold War Begins 1945-1952 Out of Many: A History of the American People, Brief Sixth Edition John Mack Faragher • Mari Jo Buhle • Daniel Czitrom • Susan H. Armitage Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Cold War Begins 1945-1952 • • • • • • • Global Insecurities at War’s End The Policy of Containment Cold War Liberalism The Cold War at Home Cold War Culture Stalemate for the Democrats Conclusion Chapter Focus Questions • What steps did the Allies take to promote growth in the postwar global economy? • How did the Truman Doctrine shape U.S. postwar foreign policy? • How did the “Fair Deal” differ from the “New Deal”? • What contributed to McCarthyism? Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) • What were the most important trends of the 1950s? • What issues were at the center of the election in 1952? North America and Seattle University of Washington, Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War • In 1948 philosophy professor Melvin Rader was falsely accused of being a communist conspirator. • During the cold war era, the federal government was providing substantial support for higher education through the G.I. Bill. University of Washington, Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War • The student population at the University of Washington grew rapidly and a strong sense of community among the students grew, led by older, former soldiers. • The cold war put a damper on this community. University of Washington, Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War • Wild charges of communist subversion led several states to require state employees to take loyalty oaths. • In this repressed atmosphere, faculty members were dismissed, students dropped out of school, and the free speech was restrained on the campuses. Global Insecurities at War’s End This photograph shows Stalin, Truman, and Churchill Global Insecurities at War’s End • The WW II created an international interdependence that no country could ignore. Global Insecurities at War’s End (cont’d) • The legendary African American folk singer Leadbelly (Huddie Ledbetter) added a fresh lyric to an old spiritual melody: “We’re in the same boat, brother.” Never before, not even at the end of World War I, had hopes been so strong for a genuine “community of nations.” Global Insecurities at War’s End (cont’d) • But, as a 1945 opinion poll indicated, most Americans believed that prospects for peace rested mainly on Soviet-American harmony. Financing the Future • Fears of the return of depression led the United States to take a much more active international stance. • In addition to aggressively promoting foreign trade, the U.S supported the World Bank and International Monetary Fund to promote economic growth and capitalism. Financing the Future (cont'd) • The Soviet Union refused to accept World Bank and IMF aid for fear of becoming an economic colony of the West. MAP 26.1 Divided Europe The Division of Europe • FDR’s realism allowed him to recognize that some kinds of spheres of influence were inevitable for the winning powers. • At the Potsdam Conference, Truman and new British PM Atlee found little ground for agreement with Stalin. • Disagreements over the future of Germany led to competing zones of occupation. The Division of Europe (cont'd) • Wartime Allied cooperation had ended. • Greek children receiving bread supplied by the Marshall Plan This photograph shows children lining up in Athens to receive bread The United Nations and Hopes for Collective Security • The Allies created a world organization that would mediate disputes between members and impede aggressors. • The U.S., U.S.S.R, France, Britain and China, as permanent members of the Security, all had veto power over proposals. The United Nations and Hopes for Collective Security (cont'd) • The UN was limited in diplomatic influence, but achieved great success with humanitarian programs. The Policy of Containment This full-color comic book appeared The Policy of Containment • In March 1946, in a speech delivered in Fulton, Missouri, former British PM Winston Churchill declared that “an iron curtain has descended across the [European] continent.” The Policy of Containment (cont’d) • He called directly upon the United States, standing “at this time at the pinnacle of world power,” to recognize its “aweinspiring accountability to the future” and, in alliance with Great Britain, to act aggressively to turn back Soviet expansion. Thus was born the policy of containment. The Truman Doctrine • While FDR favored diplomacy and compromise, Truman was committed to a get-tough policy with the Soviets. • When civil war threatened the governments in Turkey and Greece, the United States warned of a communist coup and provided $400 million to defeat the rebels. The Truman Doctrine (cont'd) • The Truman Doctrine committed the United States to a policy of trying to contain communism. The Marshall Plan • The Marshall Plan provided aid to rebuild Europe while securing markets for American goods. • Although successful in Western Europe, Stalin refused to participate in the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan (cont'd) • The plan had the long-term impact of revitalizing the European capitalist economy and driving a further wedge between the West and Soviet Union. The Berlin Crisis and the Formation of NATO • Stalin saw the economic merger of the western zones of Germany as a direct threat. • When the Soviets cut off access to West Berlin, the U.S. airlifted supplies to the city. • The United States also created an alliance of anti-Soviet nations, NATO, and the Soviets responded with the Warsaw Pact. The Berlin Crisis and the Formation of NATO (cont'd) • U.S. support for French control of Indochina would eventually lead to the Vietnam War Atomic Diplomacy • The American policy of containing communism rested on the ability to stop its expansion by military means. • After the Soviets developed nuclear weapons, both sides amassed lethal stockpiles. The U.S. and Soviets could not come up with a plan to control them. Within a few years both sides had a stockpile of hydrogen bombs. Atomic Diplomacy (cont'd) • Atomic diplomacy diverted Truman from his domestic agenda. Cold War Liberalism Police and strikers confront each other in Los Angeles Cold War Liberalism • Truman’s aggressive, gutsy personality suited the confrontational mood of the Cold War. Truman set out to enlarge the New Deal but settled on a modest domestic agenda to promote social welfare and an anti-isolationist, antiCommunist foreign policy, what became known as “Cold War liberalism.” “To Err Is Truman” • The early years of the Truman presidency were plagued by protests by Americans tired of wartime sacrifices. • An inability to bring troops home quickly or end rationing hurt Truman’s popularity. Inflation and strikes • Congress blocked proposals to revive the New Deal. “To Err Is Truman” (cont'd) • In 1946, Republicans gained control of Congress and started to undo the New Deal. Over Truman’s veto, Republicans passed the Taft-Hartley bill that curtailed the power of labor. The 1948 Election • Henry Wallace (Progressive) challenged Truman campaign effectively quashed by red-baiting • Truman turned to the left by discrediting Republicans. • He also offered a liberal legislative package that the “do nothing” Congress defeated. The 1948 Election (cont'd) • The Democrats split again over civil rights when segregationists ran Strom Thurmond for president. • Truman managed to hold on to the New Deal coalition and won re-election. MAP 26.2 The Election of 1948 The Fair Deal • 1949: Truman’s Fair Deal • Truman won some gains in public housing, minimum wage and Social Security increases, but little else from an increasingly conservative Congress. • Truman helped to define cold war liberalism as promoting economic growth through expanded foreign trade and federal expenditures, chiefly defense. The Fair Deal (cont'd) • Anti-communism remained a key element of foreign and domestic policy. The Cold War at Home This photograph shows a group of Hollywood Ten supporters staging a protest demonstration. The Cold War at Home • “Communists. . .are everywhere—in factories, offices, butcher shops, on street corners, in private businesses, . . . plotting to destroy the liberties of every citizen,” Attorney General J. Howard McGrath warned in 1949. FBI director J. Edgar Hoover warned against “the diabolic machinations of sinister figures engaged in un-American activities.” The Cold War at Home • In reality, the CPSUA was in decline and the threats from subversive activities of American-bred Communists were relatively small. Fearful Americans nonetheless supported an anti-subversive crusade, trading security for liberty. The National Security Act of 1947 • A massive reordering of governmental power • National Security Act of 1947 Defense Department, a huge and powerful bureaucracy. • Department of Defense and National Science Foundation pursued scientific research, especially related to physics. The National Security Act of 1947 (cont'd) • The CIA dwarfed the size of the State Department. • 1952: government payrolls grew to 4 million, defense expenditures accounted for 10% of GDP. The Loyalty-Security Program • Truman promoted a loyalty program. • The attorney general published a list of potentially subversive organizations. • Many groups disbanded and previous membership in them destroyed individuals’ careers. A wide range of restrictions on alleged subversives passed Congress. The Loyalty-Security Program (cont'd) • New legislation stigmatized communists and barred them—and homosexuals— from immigrating. The Second Red Scare • The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigations into communist influence in Hollywood The Second Red Scare (cont'd) • Friendly witnesses denounced communists Many people gave names of suspect former friends so that they themselves would be cleared and able to work again. A few witnesses (many blacklisted later) attacked HUAC and a handful went to prison for contempt of Congress. Spy Cases • Public anxieties were heightened when former State Department advisor Alger Hiss was accused of being a communist spy. • Hiss went to jail for perjury, damaging Truman and the Democrats. • Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed as Soviet spies in the atomic bomb program despite worldwide protests. McCarthyism • Sen. Joseph McCarthy caused a sensation when he charged that 205 communists worked for the State Department. • His lack of evidence did not stop him from striking a chord with many Americans. • McCarthyism attacked women’s organizations and homosexuals. McCarthyism (cont'd) • McCarthy’s crusade was destroyed when he went on national TV and appeared deranged, making wild charges of communist infiltration of the Army. Senator Joseph McCarthy Cold War Culture Part Seven Cold War Culture • Office in a Small City, Edward Hopper, 1953 Cold War Culture • The Cold War did not necessarily depend on military confrontation; nor was it defined exclusively by a quest for economic supremacy. It was a contest of values: Americans needed both to contain communism as well as rededicate themselves to their birthright values of freedom and democracy. An Anxious Mood • Prosperity did not dispel American anxiety over nuclear war and economic depression. • Movies and plays reflected cold war anxieties and alienation as well as anticommunism. An Anxious Mood (cont'd) • From The Best Years of Our Live to film noir to Death of a Salesman to The Catcher in the Rye, Cold War themes influenced popular culture. • Even the UFO scare reflected public fears. • How did Hollywood and other forms of mass media help to share the Cold War culture in the late 1940s and early 1950s? The Hollywood Film Invasion, U.S.A FIGURE 26.1 U.S. Birthrate, 1930–80 The Family as Bulwark • The move to the suburbs, high levels of consumption, and even the rush toward marriage and parenthood illustrated these fears. • The baby boom and high consumer spending changed the middle-class family. The Family as Bulwark (cont'd) • To sustain support of larger families and high rates of consumer spending, a growing number of married, middle-class women sought employment. TABLE 26.1 The Family as Bulwark • Commentators bemoaned the destruction of the traditional family that they linked to the threat of communism. • High-profile experts weighed in with popular books and articles about the dangers of women who abandoned their housewife roles. The Family as Bulwark (cont'd) • The conservative trend was also evident in declining numbers of woman college graduates. This young mother sits with her three small children in a well-equipped kitchen Military-Industrial Communities in the West • The Cold War impacted the West more than other regions. • New military-industrial communities arose, especially in California, and older communities also benefited from federal spending. Military-Industrial Communities in the West (cont'd) • To accommodate the burgeoning population, new highway systems were built that created housing sprawl, traffic congestion, air pollution, and strains on local water supplies. “The American Way” • The revitalization of patriotism during World War II continued after the return of peace. • The American Way became a popular theme of public celebrations and patriotic messages spread through public education. “The American Way” (cont'd) • Voices of protest arose but had little impact and often faced backlash, as at the University of Washington. Stalemate for the Democrats Richard M. Nixon appeared with one of those gifts, a black-and-white spotted cocker spaniel Stalemate for the Democrats • With Cold War tensions festering in Europe, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union would have predicted that events in Asia would bring them to the brink of a war that threatened to destroy the world. The “loss” of China and Truman’s decision to send troops to fight to a stalemate in Korea also destroyed Democratic political dominance and ended the era of reform. Democratizing Japan and “Losing” China • The United States achieved its greatest Asian success in Japan where a host of reforms brought an unprecedented degree of democracy and where they received valuable military bases. • In China, Mao Zedong’s communist revolution overthrew the corrupt, proAmerican regime of Jiang Jeishi. Democratizing Japan and “Losing” China (cont'd) • The Truman administration was saddled with the blame for having “lost” China. MAP 26.3 The Korean War The Korean War • North Koreans attempted a forced reunification of the peninsula. Truman called it an act of Soviet aggression and felt compelled to act. • With the Soviets boycotting the U.N., the Security Council authorized sending in troops. The Korean War (cont'd) • American forces, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, first pushed North Koreans back to their side of the dividing line and then went farther north. • Chinese troops pushed the U.N. forces back until a costly stalemate settled in. The Price of National Security • Criticized for bypassing Congress, Truman explained that his authority came from NSC-68, a National Security Council position paper that: consolidated decision making advocated a massive buildup of military power • Korea was devastated. The war expanded containment principle far beyond Europe. The Price of National Security (cont'd) • The military stalemate left many Americans disillusioned with the promise of easy victories. • Estimates run as high as 6 million for the number of civilian refugees during the Korean War. American soldiers heading toward battles sites while Korean refugees move in the opposite direction “I Like Ike”: The Election of 1952 • The Korean War also effectively ruined Truman’s presidency, particularly after he fired General MacArthur. • After Truman said he would not run for reelection, the Democratic Party turned to Adlai Stevenson, who offered no solutions to the key problems. “I Like Ike”: The Election of 1952 (cont'd) • Dwight Eisenhower was the Republican candidate and ran a moderate campaign short on specifics. “I Like Ike”: The Election of 1952 • His running mate, Richard Nixon, waged a relentless attack on Stevenson. • Eisenhower effectively used the peace issue, pledging to go to Korea to settle the war. • Republicans won control of the White House and Congress. Conclusion Conclusion • Truman left office with the shadow of the Cold War hanging over the nation and his presidency. While Eisenhower would do little to reverse the tide of the Cold War, the worst of the nightmare seemed to be over, and Americans were prepared to move forward, however cautiously hoping for relative peace and prosperity in an age of continued anxiety. Chronology Chronology