Download Thirteen Days in October 1962

Ch 23-2: JFK and the Cold War
Highlight in your Reading Quiz Notes
•
Fidel Castro
•
Bay of Pigs
•
blockade
•
Missiles in Turkey
•
Conclusion of the Cuban Missile Crisis
•
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Chapter Objectives
Section 2: JFK and the Cold War
• Describe the events leading up to the Cuban
Missile Crisis.
• Explain how World War III was avoided through
negotiations between Nikita Khrushchev and
John Kennedy
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Crises of the Cold War
• Cuba and its leader, Fidel Castro, began forming an
alliance with the Soviet Union and its leader, Nikita
Khrushchev.
• During
Eisenhower’s
presidency, the
CIA had secretly
trained and armed
Cuban exiles
known as La
Brigada.
• Kennedy’s
advisers approved
a plan to invade
Cuba using La
Brigada.
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(pages 726–728)
Crises of the Cold War
• On April 17, 1961, 1,400 armed Cuban exiles landed
at the Bay of Pigs on the south coast of Cuba.
(pages 726–728)
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Crises of the Cold War (cont.)
• Disaster struck as Kennedy cancelled air support for
the exiles in order to keep United States involvement
a secret.
• Most of the La Brigada were either killed or captured
by Castro’s army.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• After the fiasco at the Bay of Pigs invasion and looking
weak at the Summit meeting with Khrushchev,
President Kennedy needed a “victory” in Cuba.
• Kennedy had
given the CIA
directions to “get
rid of Castro” in
Cuba because as
long as Fidel
Castro was in
Cuba, so was
communism.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• During the summer of 1962, the Soviet Union had
begun to send short range nuclear missiles to Cuba
for their “defense purposes” disguised in cargo ships.
• These were very similar to U.S. “Jupiter Missiles” that
Eisenhower had sent to Turkey during the 1950s.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 14th, 1962 – U2 spy plane is sent over Cuba
after the CIA has heard rumors of Soviet activity in
Cuba.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• The photographs show these to be nuclear missile
sites
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 16th, 1962 – John Kennedy is briefed about
the missiles and he calls on his closest advisors.
• The Russians are
now close enough
to hit almost all of
the United States
with nuclear
weapons.
• Options discussed
•Air strike
•Land invasion
•Diplomacy (UN)
•blockade
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• Kennedy is fearful
that Cuba will be
used as a
bargaining chip for
Berlin.
• Kennedy has
ordered the missiles
in Turkey to be
removed six months
earlier, but could not
remove them now
under threat
because he would
look weak.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• Military tells Kennedy a full scale attack of Cuba could
be launched by October 25th.
• Kennedy tells his advisors to “come up with a
consensus” that will solve the problem.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 18th, 1962 – John Kennedy keeps a meeting
with Soviet Foreign Minister Andre Gromyko.
• Gromyko was ordered by Moscow to deny any
weapons in Cuba.
• Kennedy doesn’t let Gromyko know that he knows
about the weapons already there.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 21st, 1962 – Kennedy returns to Washington
from campaign trips and the consensus is a naval
blockade of Cuba.
• The U.S. will
search all
Soviet ships
headed to
Cuba.
• Gives
Khrushchev the
option of
negotiation.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 22nd, 1962 – Kennedy addresses the nation.
• Tells the American people of the missiles in Cuba.
• Informs Americans
(and the world) of
the blockade.
• States that an
attack on the U.S.
from Cuba will be
regarded as an
attack from the
Soviet Union and
the U.S. will
respond with all of
its forces.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 23rd, 1962 – The Soviet Union replies that the
blockade is “an act of war” and promise to run through
it.
• Cuba prepares
250,000 soldiers
for a full scale
land invasion.
• Robert Kennedy
is sent to talk to
Soviet
Ambassador
Anatoly Dobrynin
• JFK agrees to
contract blockade
line to 500 miles.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 24th, 1962 – The Soviet ships reach the
blockade line
• American citizens
rush to the stores to
prepare for a
nuclear war.
• Soviet ships stop
prior to reaching the
blockade line.
• Khrushchev sends
a letter to Kennedy
that the missiles will
stay in Cuba.
• US defense goes to
DEFCON 2.
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(pages 726–728)
Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 25th, 1962 – US Ambassador to the United
Nations Adlai Stevenson shows the world the proof of
the missiles.
• Do not gain
much sympathy
from the
European
nations due to
the fact that they
live under this
every day.
• Kennedy
increases U.S.
forces in Florida
for a land
invasion.
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(pages 726–728)
Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 26th, 1962 – Khrushchev sends a personal
letter to Kennedy that agrees to remove the missiles if
the United States promises never to invade Cuba.
• “Let us not pull on
the ends of the
ropes that tie the
knot of war”
• Before Kennedy
can agree to the
terms a second
letter is sent that
includes the
demand that the
missiles in Turkey
be removed as well.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 26th, 1962 (cont.) – An American U2 plane is
shot down over Cuba and the pilot is killed.
• Kennedy orders
that the military
does not react to
this.
• Another American
U2 plane is
discovered flying
over Soviet
airspace, but
Khrushchev orders
that it is not to be
shot down, but
escorted away from
the Soviet Union.
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(pages 726–728)
Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 27th, 1962 – Robert Kennedy comes up with
the idea of ignoring the second letter that Khrushchev
sent that included the missiles in Turkey.
• Robert Kennedy
meets in secret with
Dobrynin and states
that the missiles in
Turkey can be
negotiated at a later
time, but not during
this crisis.
• John Kennedy
prepares to order
the invasion of
Cuba the following
day.
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(pages 726–728)
Thirteen Days in October 1962
• October 28th, 1962 – In a radio broad cast from
Moscow, Nikita Khruschev announces that the
missiles will be removed from Cuba because the
United States has promised never to invade.
• There is no mention
of the missiles in
Turkey, that are to
be removed later.
• Fidel Castro finds
out about this from
the television and is
very upset.
• The crisis is over.
(pages 726–728)
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Thirteen Days in October 1962
• The missile crisis led to
Nikita Khrushchev’s fall
from power, and the new
Soviet leadership was less
interested in reaching
agreements with the West.
• The result
was a
huge
Soviet
arms
buildup.
(pages 726–728)
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During the 13 days of the Cuban
Missile Crisis, no less that six
nuclear test explosions were
conducted between the Soviet
Union and the United States.
“Our problems are man-made, therefore they may be
solved by man. And man can be as big as he wants.
No problem of human destiny is beyond human
beings. ….
For in the final analysis, our most basic common
link, is that we all inhabit this small planet, we all
breathe the same air, we all cherish our children's
futures, and we are all mortal.”
President John F. Kennedy
June, 1963
This feature is found on pages 730–731 of your textbook.
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JFK killed by Cuban Communists?
• Some conspiracy theories argue that JFK’s assassination may be
linked to his pursuit of having Fidel Castro assassinated..
• Lee Harvey Oswald, who spent time in the Soviet Union, may
have been a communist sympathizer of the Cubans and Castro.
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