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The Bill of Rights Extended In 1791, less than half of the population of the United States enjoyed the full rights of citizenship. Women, AfricanAmericans, and those under 21 • Were not granted the same rights as some other Americans • Were not allowed to vote • Some were considered property White males • Usually had the most power in American society • Did not always have the full protection of the Bill of Rights due to the power of the states Constitution has changed 27 times • Some due to changes in conditions and attitudes in society • Some changed the way government works • Some extended rights to the previously ignored Eleventh Amendment • Lawsuits brought against a state will be tried in state court Twelfth Amendment • Changed the procedure for electing the President and the Vice-President • Separate ballots are cast for each office by the electoral college Civil War Amendments • Amendments Thirteen, Fourteen, and Fifteen are a direct result of the civil war • Extended the rights of the African-American Thirteenth Amendment • Officially ended slavery in the United States • Outlawed any sort of forced labor, except as punishment for a crime Fourteenth Amendment • Granted full US citizenship to African-Americans • Required that states grant its citizens “equal protection of the laws”, thus treating all citizens equally • Forbids state governments from interfering with rights granted by the federal government Fifteenth Amendment • Granted African-American males the right to suffrage (vote) • Largely unsuccessful because many states found legal ways to keep AfricanAmericans from voting – Example: Poll taxes Sixteenth Amendment • Authorized Congress to levy the Income Tax Seventeenth Amendment • Allowed for senators to be elected by the people of the states rather than by appointment of the state legislatures Eighteenth Amendment • Prohibited the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States • Proved to be difficult to enforce • Period called Prohibition Nineteenth Amendment • (1920) gave women the right to vote in all elections • Granted women full citizenship • Some states, such as Wyoming, granted women the right to vote in state elections as early as 1869 Twentieth Amendment • Made Inauguration Day as January 20 for the President and January 3 for Congress • Abolished the “Lame Duck” session of Congress • If President-elect dies before taking office, Vice-Presidentelect would become President Twenty-first Amendment • Repealed the Eighteenth Amendment • Only amendment ever passed to overturn an earlier amendment • Only amendment ratified by special state conventions instead of the state legislatures Twenty-second Amendment • Placed a two term limit on the Presidency • Passed after President Franklin Roosevelt served 4 terms in office- only President to serve more than 2 terms Twenty-third Amendment • Granted Washington, D.C. residents the right to vote in Presidential and VicePresidential elections Twenty-fourth Amendment • Made poll taxes illegal in national elections • Affected both AfricanAmericans and poor whites mostly in southern states • Supreme Court ruled in 1966 that poll taxes were also illegal in state elections Twenty-fifth Amendment • If the President was to die, resign, or is removed from office the VicePresident would become the President • If the Vice-President was to die, resign, or removed from office, the President would appoint a replacement with the approval of Congress Twenty-sixth Amendment • The Constitution did not specifically designate a suffrage age- most states set the age at 21 • Set the suffrage age at 18 for all elections (1971) Twenty-seventh Amendment • Gave Congress a pay raise