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Vietnam A young Marine private soon after arriving in Da Nang during the escalation, 1965. A former French colony in Southeast Asia that was divided into North and South Vietnam in 1954 The French withdrew in 1954 North Vietnam Controlled by the communist government Led by Ho Chi Minh South Vietnam Controlled by non-communist government supported first by France and then by the United States. Led by Diem North Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh President Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngo Dinh Diem in Washington. Vietcong Known as the National Liberation Front (NLF) South Vietnamese Communist Guerrillas 2 Goals of the Vietcong: 1.) Overthrow Diem’s government 2.) reunite North and South Vietnam A Marine from 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, moves a Viet Cong suspect to the rear during a search and clear operation. Viet Cong Fighter 1968 U.S. soldiers searching a village for NLF Propaganda leaflets urging the defection of NLF and North Vietnamese to the side of the Government of Vietnam. Military Advisors Eisenhower and Kennedy responded by sending military advisors to South Vietnam. By 1963 Kennedy increased the number of advisors to 16,000. Diem’s government suffered because: Arguments over U.S. supplies to South Vietnam His imprisonment of Buddhists (opposed his government. He was eventually murdered by Vietnamese while trying to escape his country. Thích Quảng Ðức photographed during his selfimmolation. Journalist Malcolm Browne won the 1963 World Press Photo of the Year for this image. Gulf of Tonkin August 2, 1964 August 4, 1964 North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked U.S.S. Maddox in Gulf of Tonkin. U.S.S. Turner Joy attacked in gulf Johnson’s response: The attacks were unprovoked and ordered immediate air strikes against North Vietnam. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Calling the attacks unprovoked, Johnson asked Congress to authorize bombing of North Vietnam. Senate and House quickly passed the resolution. (415 to 0, 88 to 2) Authorized the President to take “all necessary measures” to stop aggression in Vietnam. Johnson used the resolution to send 500,000 troops to Vietnam. ( Police Action ) Throughout the war the United States never declared war on North Vietnam. The resolution was the legal basis for the escalation that followed, although Congress approved funding for the war until 1973. General William Westmoreland, was named the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam. Tet Offensive - 1968 President Johnson, Westmoreland and the media assured Americans the U.S. was winning. Tet was the Vietnamese New Year. During the celebration the Vietcong launch attacks on major cities in South Vietnam. They attacked Saigon, Hue (imperial capital of Vietnam) and the U.S. embassy. Attacked over 100 cities Attacked General Westmoreland’s Headquarters. National Chief of Police Nguyen Ngoc Loan, executes an NLF officer in Saigon during the Tet Offensive. This photo turned many Americans against U.S. Military action. Significance of Tet 1.) Westmoreland promised the end of the war was near – Tet proved the Vietcong were strong. 2.) T.V. coverage shook American confidence. Westmoreland was denied a request for additional 200,000 troops 3.) March 1968 Johnson stops all bombing in North Vietnam. The body of a VC lies in the streets of Saigon hardly noticed by the daily business on the first day of the Tet Offensive. A U.S. EB-66 Destroyer and four F-105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam.