Download brazil as an international actor

BRAZIL AS AN
INTERNATIONAL ACTOR
Prior to Third Wave
Democratization
Brazil in the Nineteenth
Century
Four million people in 8,511,965 sq.
kilometers
Two square kilometers per inhabitant
No other state in Latin America in this
category
Instability on Southern Frontier
1821 – Eastern Province
of Rio de La Plata
annexed to Brasil as
Cisplatina
1825 – Thirty three
“Orientales” declare
independence
500 day Brazil-Argentine
war
1828 Uruguay
independence
Cisplatina
Principles adopted by Brazil to
guide its foreign policy
Vis a vis Europe and the United States
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Pacifist ideology
Solicitation of foreign investment
Favored international arbitration
Judicial solutions preferred over political
ones
Principles adopted by Brazil to
guide its foreign policy
Vis a vis its neighbors
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Aim: legal/peaceful solutions to frontier
problems
Rio Branco – 1893-1912 successfully
incorporated 430,621 sq miles plus Acre
Territory
Defend territorial integrity
Resort to political and military options
when threatened by Argentina
Paraná Basin
Traditions that Shaped
Brazilian Behavior as
International Actor
Heir to Portuguese rivalry with Spain
Alliance with England
Itamaraty – high quality foreign service
Foreign policy successes in late 19th
century led to optimism concerning long
range prospects in South America
Early Relations with the United
States
Brazilian foreign policy elite viewed
good relations with the U.S. as useful to
limit penetration by European states
Also valued as potential deterrence to
hostile designs by Argentina
Brazilian – American Alliance
and its Decline: Background
Cordial relations prior to World War II
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U.S. largest market for Brazilian coffee as early as
1865
support for Brazil in international conferences
Brazil cordiality contrasted with suspicion on the
part of Spanish-speaking Latin America
Both peripheral to each other’s central foreign
policy concerns
Brazilian – American Alliance
World War II & its Aftermath
Getulio Vargas casts his lot with the
allied cause in 1940/41
Brazilian participation in World War II
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Italian campaign: disaster to success
U.S. a model for Brazilian military
Marshall Plan for Europe sows
bitterness between the United States
and Brazil
Brazil’s Experiment with an
Independent Foreign Policy
(1959-1964)
Component policies
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Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Bloc
countries
Expanded direct contacts with
underdeveloped countries
Resistance to U.S. pressure for sanctions
against Cuba
Experiment with Independent
Foreign Policy: Origin
Operation Pan America – proposed by
President J. Kubitschek in 1959
Rooted in Brazilian disillusionment with U.S.
foreign economic policy between 1945 and
1955
Reflected
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growing nationalism
Search for markets
New importance of domestic industrialists
Experiment with Independent
Foreign Policy: Events
Janio Quadros, a conservative who
supported independent foreign policy,
elected president in 1960
João Goulart (1961-64) applies a leftist
twist to the independent foreign policy
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1962 abstains from OAS call for collective
sanctions against Castro
Begins to reorient domestic policies
Unsuccessful Reform Under Castelo
Branco: 1964 – 1966
Constitutional Act?
“Soft” demobilization
of the most militant
Vargas forces
Elections of 1966
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Pro-Vargas forces
victorious
Results not allowed to
stand
U.S. Brazilian Alliance:
Temporary Restoration
Pro-U.S. Army officers call the shorts
(during?) after the conservative
“revolution” of 1964
Conservative revolution turns in
directions not to Washington’s liking
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Human rights
Continental ambitions
After Castello Branco: Political
Parties and Controlled Elections
Replacement of
1946 Constitution
with Constitution of
1966
Controlled two-party
system (Constitution
of 1966)
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ARENA
PMDB
Military Regime and its
Governments (Vacillation?)
Arturo Costa e Silva (196669)
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Stop – go operations against
Vargas followers and the left
USA ambassador kidnapped
Costa e Silva suffers a stroke
Succession options
Military takes hard line
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No compromise with
dissidents
Increasing nationalism
U.S. pulls back from support
of military regime
The political prisoners that were exchanged in
1969 for the American embassador, Charles
Elbrick,
Military Regime and its
Governments (Round One)
Emilio Garrastazú Medici
(1969-74)
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Nationalism
Economic miracle
OBAN – Dark Side
Decorating Bolivian president
President Medici at
White House
Military Regime and its
Governments (Round 2)
Ernesto Geisel (197479)
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Economic growth slows
Assertion of government
control over shadowy
terror apparatus
João Figueiredo (197985)
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Dividing of the opposition
More economic difficulties
Searching for an exit
strategy
Women protest
against the military
government
Carter Policies Undermine Special
Relationship
Clash over nuclear
nuclear electric plants
(Angara dos Reyes)
Guidance systems for
Sonda rockets
Controversy over
human rights violations
Tensions at the
State Dinner
Brazilian Military Presidents
Castelo Branco
(1964 – 1967)
Costa e Silva
(1967 – 1969)
João Baptista Figueiredo
(1979 - 1985)
Emílio Médici
(1969 – 1974)
Ernesto Geisel
(1974 - 1979)
Drive for Upward International
Mobility: Intensifies under
Military Regime
Industrialization as a path to great power
status
Emerging military-industrial complex
exacerbates tensions with Washington
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Nuclear program incorporates German technology
Arms and aircraft
Events in 1990’s debilitate Brazilian arms
industries (Gulf War)
Generally competitive nature of Brazilian
industrial production
Mixed results from the decades of
military rule leads to reorientation of
Brazilian Foreign Policy after 1985