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industrialism
• agrarian- & handicraft-centered economies
shifted to
• industry & machine-manufactured economies
– transportation & communication improvements
– harness inanimate sources of energy
(i.e., wind, water, steam, coal, petroleum, etc.)
– people don’t grow their own food,
nor make their stuff;
can exchange money for goods produced by others
adjusting to the city
agrarian time /
rural time
clock time /
mechanical time /
city time
factory life
• social changes of industrial work
– dependence on employer for livelihood
– supervisors
– single task
• repetitive, boring, only a limited part of process
• need to keep up w/ pace of machines .
– rage against the machines:
Luddites (1811–1816) destroyed machines
to protest changes in work patterns
Britain as early industrial leader
• coal deposits replaced wood for fuel
• raw materials
– colonies supplied
– Britain processed
• Britain supplied Europe + North America
w/ manufactured goods
Britain as early industrial leader
• raw materials supplied to Britain
– timber (esp. Canada)
– grain (food)
– cotton (textiles)
• replaced wool
• independent United States supplied demand
(b/c of slavery)
– shifted to India & Egypt during U.S. Civil War
industrial innovations
• technology
– coke (purified coal, 1709)
• better iron production
(machinery, ships, bridges,
buildings)
– steam engine (1765)
• spun cotton thread 100x faster
than manual spinning wheel
– Bessemer converter (1856)
• steel production made cheaper
• harder & stronger than iron
diagram for a steam engine
Manchester, England, in 1843—smokestacks among densely packed urban buildings
the world catches up to Britain
• 50-year head-start in industrial revolution
– protective:
forbade export of machines, techniques, & workers
• eventually spread to Germany, U.S., Belgium, France,
southern Canada
• U.S. caught up by:
– taxing British exports to U.S.
– copying British machinery
– finding a large labor supply
• young women from rural/agricultural areas
the world catches up to Britain
• Russia & Japan
– industrialized to avoid domination
by other industrial powers
• Africa, Asia, Latin America
– primarily exported raw materials to industrial
countries
industrial revolution
• Waltham Plan
– moved women
from rural/agricultural areas
to urban/industrial areas
– provided:
• boarding houses
• moral guidance
(curfews, no alcohol)
• education, cultural,
& religious opportunities
– women got:
• better pay & living conditions
(than in rural areas)
• help for families & selves
• more independence
cover of the August 1845 issue of
the Lowell Offering,
a magazine described as
“A repository of original articles,
written by ‘factory girls.’”
BLOG POST 16
• After reviewing the slide about the “Waltham
Plan,” describe 3 ways in which the ideals of
the Plan are portrayed on the cover of the
August 1845 issue of the Lowell Offering.
industry in agriculture
in the United States
• new strain of cotton developed,
could grow away from water,
but… seeds difficult to remove
• cotton gin (1793) removed seeds
• huge impact on slavery
• cotton became most important U.S. export
– other countries dependent on U.S. cotton
– northern U.S. supplied business & industrial
expertise
growth of cotton production & the slave
population in the United States, 1790–1860
year
bales of cotton
produced
number of slaves
in the United States
1790
4,000
697,897
1820
73,222
1,538,038
1840
1,347,540
2,487,455
1860
3,841,406
3,957,760
bale = 500 pounds