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The
War
of 1812
Causes
of the
War?
1. Napoleonic Wars
Q 1806  Berlin Decrees [“Continental
System”] neutral ships that visited British ports
were enemy vessels
Q 1806  Britain issued the “Orders in
Council.” neutral ships had to obtain
licenses at British ports to trade with French or French
colonies
Q 1807  Milan Decrees-
French ordered
capture of neutral ships that had submitted to British
searches
Q 1808-1811  Britain impressed over
6,000 American
sailors.
2. Chesapeake-Leopard
“Affair”
Q June 21, 1807.
Q Br. Captain fired on
the USS Chesapeake.
Q 3 dead, 18 wounded.
Q Br. Foreign Office
said it was a mistake.
Q Jefferson’s Response:

Forbade Br. ships to dock in American ports.

Ordered state governors to call up as much as 100,000
militiamen.
3. The Embargo Act (1807)
The “OGRABME” Turtle
Embargo Act
Q Thomas Jefferson thought it would protect
American interest at same time peacefully
coercing Britain from harassing ships.
Q The Act prohibited American ships from
leaving home ports until Britain and France
repealed restrictions on U.S. trade-supposed
to be diplomatic weapon that backfired
Q Disaster for American economy: exports fell
hurting farmers, and merchants. Caused a lot
of resentment for Jefferson administration
Presidential Election of 1808
James Madison Becomes
President
Dolly Madison
4. The Non-Intercourse Act
(1809)
Q Replaced the Embargo Act:
trade with Great Britain and France.
exclusively forbade
Q
This measure also proved ineffective, and it was replaced by
Macon's Bill No. 2 (May 1, 1810) that resumed trade with all
nations but stipulated that if either Britain or France
dropped commercial restrictions, the United States would
revive nonintercourse against the other.
Q
In August, Napoleon insinuated that he would exempt
American shipping from the Berlin and Milan decrees.
Q
Although the British demonstrated that French restrictions
continued, U.S. Pres. James Madison reinstated
nonintercourse against Britain in November 1810, thereby
moving one step closer to war.
5. Br. Instigation of Indians
(1809-1811)
British General Brock Meets with Tecumseh
Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
Q
The “Prophet” and Tecumseh (Shawnee war chief
and brother of Tenskwatawa)
Q
Revived Western Confederacy, with British guns
and supplies (Britain violated Treaty of Paris)
Q
Prophet urged Native tribes to shun Americans,
founded Prophetstown in Indiana Territory.
Tecumseh mobilized Indian peoples for war.
Q
William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana
Territory, launch preemptive strike while Tecumseh
was recruiting elsewhere and burned Prophetstown,
defeating warriors in Battle of Tippecanoe.
“War Hawks”
John C. Calhoun [SC]
Henry Clay [KY]
Q
Q
War Hawks were the new, young Congressmen from the West
and South who were Republicans and pushed Madison toward
war with Britain
Supported acquisition of territory from British Canada and
Spanish Florida
“Mr. Madison’s War!”
Declaration of War
Q Madison tried to demand British recognition
of American sovereignty in the West, and to
repeal their Orders in Council which were
British laws that blockaded American ships
and seized those ships.
Q British didn’t respond so Madison asked
Congress for Declaration of War in June
1812.
Q House (79–49) and was gravely close in the
Senate (19–13)
Q The vote for war was sectional and all
Federalists voted against it.
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Republicans along sea coast areas voted against it, support
for war came from the interior, those war hawks who
wanted to defend honor of America and gain territory in
Canada and Florida
Madison’s war message: reasons going to war have to do
with trade and Atlantic seaboard, and figured that people
most affected by this would be the most eager for war
Coastal areas will be the one to bear the burden because
they will be bombarded and invaded,
New England governors will refuse to cooperate with the
Federal government when asked to raise military for the US
in most parts of the country it is not greeted with euphoria
but with grudging acceptance, War of 1812, not a popular
war in the US., country is not prepared militarily and
potentially facing a naval war but no attention has been to
prepare the navy, talk of invading Canada. But nothing done
to prepare the army, just call the militia and take Canada.
Presidential Election of 1812
American Problems
Q The US was unprepared militarily:
 Had a 12-ship navy vs. Britain’s
800 ships.
 Americans disliked a draft  preferred
to enlist in the disorganized state
militias.
Q Financially unprepared:
 Flood of paper $.
 Revenue from import tariffs declined.
Q Regional disagreements.
Overview
of the
War
of
1812
3 U. S. Invasions of 1812
Q Oliver Hazard Perry victory on Lake Erie Sept.
1813
Q Battle of Thames Oct 1813
Q Creek War in southeast (Red Sticks)-1813
Q Battle of Horseshoe Bend-General Andrew
Jackson defeats Redsticks (March 1814)
Q British capture of Washington, D.C. August 1814they burn down government buildings including
White House- for retaliation of burning of
Yorktown (Toronto)
Q British attack Baltimore, September 1814, falter
when Americans withstand bombardment at Ft.
McHenry
Campaigns of 1813
Battle of Fort McHenry,
1814
Oh Say Can You See
By the Dawn’s Early Light…
-- Francis Scott Key
Gave proof through the night,
That our flag was still there..
Hartford Convention
December, 1814 – January,
1815
New
England
Considers
Secession!
Hartford Convention
Q The Hartford Convention's final report
proposed several amendments to the US
Constitution. These attempted to combat the
policies of the ruling Republicans by:
1.
2.
3.
4.
•
Prohibiting any trade embargo lasting over 60 days;
Requiring a two-thirds Congressional majority for declaration of
offensive war, admission of a new state, or interdiction of
foreign commerce;
Removing the three-fifths representation advantage of the
South;
Limiting future Presidents to one term;
Requiring each President to be from a different state than his
predecessor. (This provision was aimed directly at the ruling
Virginia Dynasty.)
Treaty of Ghent
December 24, 1814
Q After 20 years of war with France, Britain’s
wealth and energy was sapped.
Q Negotiations between Britain and American
commissioners: John Quincy Adams, Gallatin
and Henry Clay wanted territory in Canada and
Florida and British wanted an Indian buffer
state between the U.S. and Canada
Q Instead, they settled on going back to pre-war
borders. Treaty was signed in Ghent, Belgium on
Christmas Eve, 1814.
The Battle of New Orleans,
1815
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General Andrew Jackson
Q Before word of Treaty reached U.S., Andrew
Jackson along, with a corps of French-speaking
African Americans, defeated British forces
who were attacking New Orleans.
Q 700 British men killed, 2,000 wounded or
prisoners, Americans lost 13, and 58 wounded.
Q Jackson national hero
The Battle of New Orleans,
1815
Consequences and significance
Q
United States had achieved none of its objectives (Napoleonic
Wars over so impressment and harassing neutral ships moot
point)
Q
after the war a surge of patriotism inspired Americans to
pursue national goals.
Q
Britain's influence among the northwestern Indians was forever
ended, and American expansion in that region proceeded
unchecked.
Q
In the South, the Creek War opened a large part of that region
for settlement and led to the events that persuaded Spain to
cede Florida to the United States in 1821.
Q
The most enduring international consequence of the war was
arbitration clauses of Ghent, perhaps the treaty's most
important feature. Its arrangements to settle outstanding
disagreements established methods that could adapt to
changing U.S. administrations, British ministries, and world
events
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