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The American Nation
A History of the United States
Fourteenth Edition
Chapter
2
American Society in
the Making
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Settlement of New France
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Settlement of New France
• French settlement progressed slowly after
1700
 Difficult to convince French people to move to
remote settlements in America
 Military garrisons, individual fur traders and
Jesuit missionaries were the main immigrants
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Settlement of New France (cont'd)
• 1712: France chartered a private company
to settle the mouth of the Mississippi
 Result was New Orleans
• In 1731, the French government took
control of Louisiana but settlement lagged
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Settlement of New France (cont'd)
• Because few French women came, many
men married Indian women
 Fur traders in the north did the same though
for them it was helpful to their success as
traders
• As traders moved further west in search of
game, they encountered Indians driven
west by Iroquois
 Traders supplied them with guns and
ammunition
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California
• Guns spread from Indians of upper
Mississippi to the Indians of the Great
Plains
• Earlier Apache and Comanche had started
riding European horses
 When guns and horses combined, the
Indians with both became fearful enemies
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California (cont'd)
• Comanche increased number and size of
hunting bands as it became easier to hunt
buffalo with guns
 Encroached on Apache territory and were
soon raiding Spanish and Pueblo settlements
• Spanish strengthened garrisons and built
new missions in attempt to protect towns
from Indians and French
 Indian raids discouraged settlement
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California (cont'd)
• Trade in Indian slaves remained an
enduring aspect of life
 Most were women and children
 Women usually worked as household
servants and men as indentured servants on
ranches
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California (cont'd)
• In the 1760s Britain and Russia tried to
colonize the Northwest, threatening
Spanish claims in California
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California (cont'd)
• Missionaries in California tried to
Christianize and Hispanicize the Indians
who belonged to over 300 tribes speaking
more than 100 languages
 1769—the first mission was established in
San Diego with others following
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Society in New Mexico, Texas,
and California (cont'd)
• Jesuits monitored Indian life closely
 Separated girls
 Paid no wages but fed and cared for the
Indians
• California Indians, in and out of missions,
were decimated by disease, undercutting
the effort to establish a strong Hispanic
colony
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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The English Prevail on the
Atlantic Seaboard
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The English Prevail on the
Atlantic Seaboard
• Southern part of English North America
comprised of three regions:
 “Tidewater”: Virginia and Maryland
 “Low country”: the Carolinas (and eventually
Georgia)
 “Back country”: a vast territory that extended
from the “fall line” of the foothills of the
Appalachians to the farthest point of western
settlement
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The English Prevail on the
Atlantic Seaboard (cont'd)
• Late 18th Century emergence of common
features—export oriented agricultural
economy, slavery, absence of towns—
result in concept of “South” as one region
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The Chesapeake Colonies
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The Chesapeake Colonies
• Virginia suffered from high death rate
 Of the 9000 colonists who came to Virginia
nearly half died, leaving only 5,000 by the
1630s
 While the climate was hot and moist it was
actually the dry summers that were the main
cause of death by causing salt water
contamination of drinking water and
dysentery
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)
• Virginia suffered from high death rate
 Well into the 1700s, a white male of 20 could
expect only 25 more years of life
• Result:
 Frequent remarriage
 Families with children from several different
marriages
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Chesapeake Colonies (cont'd)
• Women easily found husbands (men
outnumbered women three to two)
• Many men had to spend their lives alone
or marry Indian women
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Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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English Colonies on the Atlantic
Seaboard
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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The Lure of Land
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The Lure of Land
• Life centered on agriculture
 Grants of land were relied upon to attract
settlers
 Labor to work land was vital
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Headright system
 Any “head” entering the colony was issued a
“right” to take 50 acres of unused land
 Could “seat” the claim and receive title to the
land, had to mark its boundaries, plant a crop
and construct a habitation
 May have to pay small annual payment,
quitrent, to grantor
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• When people could not afford passage,
they came as indentured servants
 Agreed to work for a stated period (usually
about 5 years) in return for their passage
 During indenture subject to strict control
(women could not marry and time lost due to
pregnancy was added to total time)
 Received nothing beyond their keep
(headright went to person who paid their
passage)
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• If survived, servant was free and usually
entitled to an “outfit” (a suit of clothes,
some farm tools, seed, perhaps a gun)
and, in some colonies, land
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Over half the colonists came as servants
and most servants became landowners
• As time passed their lot became harder
 Best land belonged to large planters
 As more land went into cultivation, crop prices
fell
 Many slipped into dire poverty or became
“squatters”
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Virginia society was on the edge of class
war by the 1670s due to conflict between
former servants and wealthy land owners
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Headright
 A system of land distribution, adopted first in
Virginia and later in Maryland, that granted
colonists fifty acres for themselves and
another fifty for each “head” (or person) they
brought with them to the colony. This system
was often used in conjunction with indentured
servitude to build large plantations and supply
them with labor.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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The Lure of Land (cont'd)
• Indentured servants
 Individuals working under a form of contract
labor that provided them with free passage to
America in return for a promise to work for a
fixed period, usually seven years. Indentured
servitude was the primary labor system in the
Chesapeake colonies for most of the
seventeenth century.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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“Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery
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“Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery
• First Africans arrived in Jamestown in
1619 aboard a Dutch ship—unknown how
they were treated
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“Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery
(cont'd)
• By 1640, some Africans were slaves
 Slavery spread throughout the colonies
though numbers were relatively low in the
North
• White servants were more highly prized as
they were not alien, like Africans, and they
were cheaper
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
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“Solving” the Labor Shortage: Slavery
(cont'd)
• In the 1670s, the flow of indentured
servants slowed at the same time that the
chartering of the Royal Africa Company
(1672) made slaves more readily available
 By 1700, nearly 30,000 slaves lived in the
English colonies
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco
• Colonists had to find a market for products
in the Old World in order to have the
money to buy manufactured goods
• Answer was tobacco (originally brought
from the West Indies by Spanish)
• English were initially leery of tobacco,
which clearly contained some sort of habit
forming drug
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• By 1617, smokers drove the price of a
pound of tobacco to 5 shillings
• At this point, the colonists were granted a
monopoly and heavily encouraged
• Required only semi-cleared land and a
hoe but lots of human labor
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• A single laborer working two or three acres
could produce as much as 1,200 pounds
of cured tobacco which would result in a
200% profit in a good year
• As a result, production went from 2,500
pounds in 1616 to 30 million pounds by
the late 17th century (400 pounds per
capita)
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• Planters spread out along rivers in a helter
skelter fashion
• Increase in tobacco production led to a
drastic drop in tobacco prices in late 17th
century
 Small farmers found it increasingly difficult to
make a living
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Prosperity in a Pipe: Tobacco (cont'd)
• Wealthy were accumulating more land
which allowed them to maintain high yields
by permitting some fields to lie fallow
 The only option for small farmers was new
land—Indian land
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A denunciation of the tobacco craze that swept
Europe in the mid-1600s, by Abraham Teniers.
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Bacon’s Rebellion
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Bacon’s Rebellion
• In 1676, conflict:
 Governor William Berkeley and his “Green
Spring” faction vs. western planters led by
Nathaniel Bacon.
• Planters wanted approval to attack nearby
Indians; Governor refused
• Bacon had raised an army of 500 men
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Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)
• Declared a traitor by Berkeley, Bacon and
his followers murdered some peaceful
Indians, marched on Jamestown and
forced Berkeley to give him permission to
kill more Indians
• In September, Bacon returned to
Jamestown and burned it to the ground
causing Berkeley to flee
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Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)
• Bacon died of dysentery and a British fleet
arrived to restore order
• RESULT: Virginia society became wedded
to slavery as an answer to its labor
problems
 Slave ownership resulted in large differences
in the wealth and lifestyle of planters
 20 slaves + land = wealth
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Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)
• Created implicit agreement that class
differences would be overlooked in favor
of racial ones
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Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)
• Bacon’s Rebellion
 An armed uprising in 1676, led by Nathaniel
Bacon, against Virginia governor Sir William
Berkeley. Initially the rebels attacked Indian
settlements but later moved against
Berkeley’s political faction and burned
Jamestown, capital of the colony. After
Bacon’s death that year, the rebellion
collapsed.
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Sir William Berkeley
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Bacon’s Rebellion (cont'd)
• Created implicit agreement that class
differences would be overlooked in favor
of racial ones
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The Carolinas
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The Carolinas
• English and, after 1700, Scots-Irish
settlers of the tidewater parts of Carolina
also practiced agriculture:
 Tobacco in the future North Carolina
 Rice (replacing furs and cereals in 1696) in
what would become South Carolina
• Rice became a major cash crop
 65 million tons were produced by eve of
Revolution
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• In the 1740s, Eliza Lucas introduced
indigo to South Carolina
 Did not compete for either land or labor with
rice
• Southern colonists bought manufactured
goods by producing: tobacco, rice, indigo,
furs, and forest products such as lumber,
tar, and resin
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Factors, agents in England and Scotland,
managed the sale of crops, bought the
required manufactures, and extended
credit
 Small scale manufacturing did not emerge in
South as it did in the North
 Retarded development of urban life with
Charleston the only city of note until the rise
of Baltimore in the 1750s
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Slave labor predominated on rice
plantations of South Carolina
 1730: 3 out of every 10 people south of
Pennsylvania was black
 In South Carolina, blacks outnumbered
whites 2 to 1
• Slave regulations increased in severity as
size of the black population increased
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Blacks had no civil rights under the codes
 For minor offenses, whippings were common
 For serious crimes blacks could be hanged or
burned to death
 For sexual offenses or constant running away
they could be castrated
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Acculturated slaves, those that could
speak English, use European tools,
perhaps practice a trade, were more
valuable but also more likely to run away
or resist
• Field hands expressed dissatisfaction by
pilferage, petty sabotage, laziness or
feigned stupidity
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The Carolinas (cont'd)
• Slave rebellions were rare in the American
South though fear of them was high
• Slavery had economic, social and psychic
reasons
 Only a few Quakers objected
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This depicts slaves on a South Carolina
plantation, around 1790.
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Home and Family in the South
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Home and Family in the South
• Except for those of the most affluent,
houses had one or two rooms, and were
small, dark, and crowded
 Furniture and utensils were sparse and
crudely made
 Chairs were rare
 Tables were boards
 There was no plumbing
 Even chamber pots were out of reach of the
poor
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Clothes were crude, rarely washed and
often infested with vermin
• Food was plentiful
• White women (free or indentured) rarely
worked in the fields
 They were responsible for tending to farm
animals, making butter and cheese, pickling
and preserving, spinning and sewing, and
caring for children
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Children were not usually as harshly
disciplined as in New England
• Schools were rare and what learning
occurred was done at home
 A large percentage of children were illiterate
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Well-to-do, “middling” planters had maybe
three rooms for a family of four or five,
plus servants
 Also had a greater variety of food
 Children were put to useful work at an early
age
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Until the early 18th Century, few achieved
real wealth such as that held in 1732 by
Robert Carter, whose 1,000 slaves and
300,000 acres made him the richest man
in America
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Men like Carter lived in solid, two-story
houses of six or more rooms, furnished
with English and other imported carpets,
chairs, tables, wardrobes, chests, china,
and silver and were able to send their
children abroad for schooling
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• 1693: founding of the College of William
and Mary
 Mission was to train clergyman
 Initially education was little above grammar
school level
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Political power and positions belonged to
large planters because
 Of their wealth
 They were generally responsible leaders who
understood the need for sociability
• Most Southerners led isolated lives
• Churches were few and far between
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• By mid-18th Century the Anglican Church
was the “established” religion
 1619 attendance at Anglican services
became mandatory in Virginia
 1654 Maryland repealed religious toleration;
reenacted it in 1657 and permanently
repealed it and established the Anglican
Church in 1692
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Home and Family in the South (cont'd)
• Social events of any kind were great
occasions accompanied by feasting and
drinking
• Most planters invested their savings in
more production, not in idle amusements
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A painting by Sidney King of a home in
Jamestown around 1650.
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Georgia and the Back Country
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Georgia and the Back Country
• Back country
 Great Valley of Virginia
 The Piedmont
• Also part of back country was Georgia
 Founded by a group of London
philanthropists in 1733 to give a place of
settlement for honest persons who had been
imprisoned for debt
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Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• England (who would transport 50,000
convicts during the colonial period)
granted a charter for Georgia in 1732 after
the philanthropists agreed to operate the
colony without profit to themselves for 21
years
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Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• In 1733, their leader, James Oglethorpe,
founded Savannah with a vision of
creating a colony of sober, yeomen
farmers
 Land grants limited to 50 acres and made
non-transferable
 Alcohol was banned
 So were slaves
 Indian trade was strictly regulated
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Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• Oglethorpe’s rules were quickly
circumvented
• The economy developed like South
Carolina
• In 1752, the proprietors gave up and
Georgia became a royal colony
• Settlers moved into the rest of the
southern back country, mainly Scots-Irish
and Germans
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Georgia and the Back Country (cont'd)
• By 1770 the back country had about
250,000 settlers, 10% of the population,
yet often they felt underrepresented, which
could result in conflict with the Low
Country
 1771: Regulators in North Carolina
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Puritan New England
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Puritan New England
• New England towns had a dependable
water supply
• Surrounding area was more open than
malaria-infected terrain of the tidewater
• New Englanders escaped many of the
“agues and fevers” that beset southern
colonists
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The Puritan Family
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The Puritan Family
• Puritan society was ordered by a covenant
to ensure everyone’s upright behavior
• At the center of society was the family
which was nuclear and patriarchal
• Responsibilities of the Father:
 Providing for the physical welfare of the
household, including servants
 Making sure they all behaved properly
 Transacting all economic dealings
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The Puritan Family (cont'd)
• Responsibilities of the Wife:
 Keeping house
 Educating the children
 Improving “what is got by the industry of man”
• Women had as many as 12 to 14 children
• Any free time was occupied with dealings
with neighbors and relatives and
involvement in church
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The Puritan Family (cont'd)
• Childrearing took more than three decades
of a woman’s life since most children
survived
• Homemaking duties occupied all
remaining time
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The Puritan Family (cont'd)
• Puritan family was hierarchical, husbands
ruled over wives and parents over children
and obedience was expected




Physical correction of children was common
Girls worked around the house
Boys worked outdoors
When older they were sent to nearby families
as servants
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The Puritan Family (cont'd)
• The Great Migration ended in the 1640s
with the outbreak of the English Civil War
 Thereafter, population increase was due to
high birthrate (50 births for every 1,000
people—3x today’s rate) and low mortality
rate (20 per 1,000)
• Population was more evenly distributed by
age and sex than in the South
• Women married in early twenties rather
than late teens
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David, Joanna, and Abigail Mason (painted by
an unknown artist around 1670)
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
• Church membership was to be a joint
decision between would-be member, who
would relate why they believed they
received God’s grace, and those already
in the church
• Originally, those who could not “prove”
salvation were excluded
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
(cont'd)
• Problems:
 Growing numbers of non-members could not
be compelled to go to church
 It was harder to defend policy that taxpayers
could not vote if they were not church
members
 Nonmember parents whose children could
not be baptized worried for their souls
• At first, churches permitted baptism of the
children of church members
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
(cont'd)
• Half-Way Covenant –
 To cope with the third generation who were
neither baptized nor church members, in
1662, 80 ministers and laymen developed a
limited form of membership for any applicant
not known to be a sinner who was willing to
accept the provisions of the church covenant
- They and their children could be baptized but they
could not receive communion nor participate in
church decisions
- 1664 the General Court extended the vote to
halfway church members
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
(cont'd)
• Opponents of the covenant said it
reflected a slackening of religious fervor
• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the
1660s marked the beginning of religious
decline yet there was a rise in church
membership, ministers continued to be
accorded prestige and there was a
lessening of intra-church squabbling
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
(cont'd)
• Historian Perry Miller suggests that the
1660s marked the beginning of religious
decline yet there was a rise in church
membership, ministers continued to be
accorded prestige and there was a
lessening of intra-church squabbling
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Visible Puritan Saints and Others
(cont'd)
• Half-Way Covenant
 A modification of puritan practice, adopted by
many Congregational churches during the
1650s and afterwards, that allowed baptized
puritans who had not experienced saving
grace to acquire partial church membership
and receive sacraments.
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Democracies without Democrats
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Democracies without Democrats
• Puritans believed government was both a
civil covenant, entered into by all who
came within its jurisdiction, and the
principal mechanism for policing the
institutions on which the maintenance of
social order depended
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Democracies without Democrats
(cont'd)
• Massachusetts and Connecticut
 Passed laws requiring church attendance,
levying taxes for support of the clergy, and
banning Quakers from practicing their religion
(when four were hanged, a royal decree was
issued in 1662 prohibiting further executions)
 Provided the death penalty for adultery and
blaspheming a parent
 Established the price a laborer might charge
for his services or the amount of gold braid
servants could wear on their jackets
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The Dominion of New England
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The Dominion of New England
• Most of daily life regulated by towns
• The most serious threat to Puritan control
came in the 1680s during the Restoration
governments of Charles II (1660–1685)
and James II (1685–1688) when the
government sought to bring the colonies
under effective royal control
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The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• In 1684, the Massachusetts charter was
annulled, as were all charters north of
Pennsylvania, and the colonies were
combined to form the Dominion of New
England
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The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• In 1686, Edmund Andros, a professional
soldier and administrator, arrived to make
the colonies behave like colonies and not
like sovereign powers
 Abolished popular assemblies
 Changed the land-grant system to give the
king quitrents
 Enforced religious toleration
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The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• 1689: Andros and the Dominion were
overthrown in the wake of the 1688
Glorious Revolution that put William of
Orange on the throne
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The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• 1691: Massachusetts became a royal
colony
 Included Plymouth and Maine
 Governor appointed by the king
 General Court elected by property owners
(who did not have to be church members to
vote)
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The Dominion of New England (cont'd)
• Glorious Revolution
 The peaceful accession of William II, a
Protestant, and Queen Mary to the British
throne in 1688, ending the Catholic rule of
James II. Many colonists rebelled against
governors who had been appointed by James
II and demanded greater political rights.
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Salem Bewitched
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Salem Bewitched
• In 1666, families living in the rural outback
of the thriving town of Salem petitioned the
General Court for the right to establish
their own church
• When it was granted in 1672, the 600
inhabitants of the village were on their own
politically as well
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• In 1689, Samuel Parris became minister
after having spent 20 years in the
Caribbean as a merchant
• He arrived with his wife, his daughter
Betty, a niece—Abigail, and a West Indian
slave named Tituba who told fortunes and
practiced magic on the side
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• When Parris was dismissed in 1692, his
daughter, niece and a playmate began
speaking in tongues and were declared
bewitched
• The first three accused were Sarah Good,
a pauper with a nasty tongue; Sarah
Osborne, a bedridden widow; and Tituba
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• When brought before the General Court,
the Sarahs declared themselves innocent
while Tituba confessed
• By the end of April 1692, 24 more people
had been charged
 The hunt spread to neighboring Andover
 By May, it spread to Maine and Boston and
up the social ladder to some of the colony’s
most prominent citizens
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• By June, when the governor convened a
special court, more than 150 persons
stood charged with witchcraft
• In the next four months, the court
convicted 28, most of them women




Five confessed and were spared
Several escaped
19 were hanged
The husband of one witch, accused of
wizardry, was crushed to death under stones
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• Finally, the governor adjourned the court
and forbade any further executions
• While everyone’s reputation suffered,
ministers suffered the most
 Increase Mather comes off best, having urged
the governor to stop the trials
 His son, Cotton, actively and enthusiastically
participated in the hunt
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Salem Bewitched (cont'd)
• The event shows the anxiety Puritans had
about women since many of the accused
were:
 Widows of high status
 Older women who owned property
 Women who lived apart from the daily
guidance of men
• All potentially subverted the patriarchal
authorities of church and state
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Examination of a Witch.
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Higher Education in New England
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Higher Education in New England
• With the Great Migration came some 150
university-trained colonists, mostly in
divinity, who became the first ministers
• 1636: Massachusetts General Court
appropriated money to establish an
institution of higher learning to train
ministers—Harvard University—which
received its charter in 1650
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Higher Education in New England
(cont'd)
• Below Harvard were the Grammar schools
where boys spent 7 years learning Greek
and Latin
 The first was established by Boston in 1636
 Massachusetts and Connecticut soon passed
education acts that required all towns of any
size to establish such schools
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Higher Education in New England
(cont'd)
• Mid-17th Century—majority of men in New
England could read and a somewhat
smaller percentage could also write
• Mid-18th century—male literacy was
almost universal, a condition only matched
by Scotland and Sweden
• Literacy among women also improved
steadily
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Higher Education in New England
(cont'd)
• Many settlers brought impressive libraries
with them and continued to import large
numbers of books
• First printing press was established in
Cambridge in 1638
• By 1700, Boston was producing an
avalanche of printed matter, most by
ministers though not exclusively on
religious matters
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Higher Education in New England
(cont'd)
• 1690s Harvard acquired a reputation for
encouraging religious tolerance
• In 1701 several Connecticut ministers
founded Yale to uphold Puritan values
 By 1722, they too appeared to have slipped
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Higher Education in New England
(cont'd)
• Even ministers were no longer the
unquestioned last word—attacks on
Cotton Mather in 1721 for his suggestion
of inoculation to combat an outbreak of
smallpox
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The Lure of Land
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A Merchant’s World
• Colonists grew barley (to make beer), rye,
oats, green vegetables, potatoes,
pumpkins, and corn (not only edible but
drinkable)
• They grazed cattle, sheep and hogs on
common pastures or in the woods and
hunted deer, turkey, and other game birds
• The Atlantic provided cod and other fish
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• But, while colonists had plenty to eat, they
had little surplus and no place to sell it
• First generation of puritans accepted
economic marginality but succeeding
generations did not
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• In 1643, five New England vessels packed
their holds with fish which they sold in
Spain and the Canary Islands, taking
payment in sherry and Madeira which
were tradable in England
 One took payment in slaves which were sold
in West Indies thereby initiating the triangular
trade
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• As maritime trade became the driving
force in New England, port towns like
Portsmouth, Salem, Boston, New Port,
and New Haven became larger and faster
growing than interior towns
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• 1720: Boston was the commercial hub of
the region with a population of 10,000
making it the third largest city in the British
Empire
 More than one quarter of Boston’s adult male
population had either invested in shipbuilding
or were directly employed in maritime
commerce
 Ships captains and merchants held most
public offices
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• Beneath the top layer of merchant elite
lived a stratum of artisans and small
shopkeepers
• Beneath them a substantial population of
mariners, laborers and “unattached”
people with little or no property
• 1670s: at least a dozen prostitutes worked
in Boston
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• 1720: crime and poverty serious problems
 Public relief rolls exceeded 200
 Dozens of criminals languished in jail
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A Merchant’s World (cont'd)
• Triangular trade
 An oversimplified term for the trade among
England, its colonies in the Americas, and
slave markets in Africa and the Caribbean.
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The Middle Colonies:
Economic Basis
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The Middle Colonies:
Economic Basis
• The Middle Colonies consisted of New
York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware
• About 10% of the population was
composed of slaves
 Colonists produced crops for both
consumption and export (wheat)
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The Middle Colonies:
Economic Basis (cont'd)
• Colonists in the Hudson Valley and
southeastern Pennsylvania lived spread
out
• Substantial numbers lived in New York
City and Philadelphia and in interior towns
like Albany, where they engaged in trades
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This painting is presumably of Lord
Cornbury, the royal governor of New
York and New Jersey in the early
1700s, in a dress.
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The Middle Colonies:
An Intermingling of Peoples
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The Middle Colonies:
An Intermingling of Peoples
• Scandinavian and Dutch settlers
outnumbered the English in New Jersey
and Delaware
• Germans flocked to Pennsylvania and
French Huguenots to New York
• Early 18th century hordes of Scots-Irish
settled in Pennsylvania, back country of
Virginia, and the Carolinas
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The Middle Colonies:
An Intermingling of Peoples (cont'd)
• An economic boom in England helps
explain the relatively low level of English
colonists
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Ethnic Groups of Eastern North
America, 1750
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Mary Dyer, a Quaker, was banished from
Boston, a puritan colony;
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“The Best Poor Man’s Country”
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“The Best Poor Man’s Country”
• Ethnic differences seldom caused conflict
because they did not limit opportunity
• Pennsylvania gave 500 acres to families
upon arrival with only a quitrent due to the
proprietor every year
 New Jersey and Delaware had similar
arrangements
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“The Best Poor Man’s Country”
(cont'd)
• In New York, the manorial system limited
opportunity but land was available and
tenants could get long term leases
• Mixed farming offered main path to
prosperity
• Inland communities offered comfortable
living for artisans
• Cities had a variety of opportunities for the
ambitious
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“The Best Poor Man’s Country”
(cont'd)
• Philadelphia profited from this (and its
inland waterways) and by the 1750s had a
population of 15,000, surpassing Boston
as America’s largest city
 Most Philadelphians could do well for
themselves while, increasingly, artisans in
Boston were mired in economic stagnation
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The Politics of Diversity
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The Politics of Diversity
• Governments of Middle Colonies
 Had popularly elected representatives
assemblies
 Most white males could vote
• As in the South, representatives were
elected by counties but, unlike Southern
voters, did not defer to landed gentry
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The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• 1689: New York suffered a takeover by
Jacob Leisler, a disgruntled merchant and
militia captain
 Only lasted two years but split New York
politics until 1710
• New York’s political tranquility was
restored under Robert Hunter (1710–
1719)
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The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• 1730s: Governor William Cosby
demanded back pay while Chief Justice
Lewis Morris opposed him
 After Cosby removed him, Morris and allies
founded New York Weekly Journal run by
John Peter Zenger
 Cosby objected to contents and shut down
paper after two months, charging Zenger with
seditious libel
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The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• 1730s: Governor William Cosby
demanded back pay while Chief Justice
Lewis Morris opposed him
 Jury acquitted Zenger after attorney argued
that statements in paper were true and thus
not libel
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The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• Pennsylvania politics revolved around two
interest groups:
 Proprietary party
 Quaker/German-speaking Pennsylvania
Dutch party clustered around assembly
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• Neither organized nor represented
particular positions but did mean political
leaders had to consider popular opinion
• 1763: Paxton Boys (Scots-Irish from
Lancaster County)
 Murdered peaceful Conestoga Indians in
retaliation for frontier Indian attacks
 Marched on Philadelphia
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• 1763: Paxton Boys (Scots-Irish from
Lancaster County)
 Delegation, led by Benjamin Franklin,
acknowledged grievances and promised
bounty on Indian scalps
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Politics of Diversity (cont'd)
• Leisler’s Rebellion
 An uprising in 1689, led by Jacob Leisler, that
wrested control of New York’s government
following the abdication of King James II. The
rebellion ended when Leisler was arrested
and executed in 1690.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Becoming Americans
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Becoming Americans
• In 1650, some 50,000 Europeans had
come to North America




Most clung to Atlantic seaboard
Indians outnumbered Europeans 10 to 1
African slaves were rare
French and Spanish colonization relatively
inconsequential
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Becoming Americans (cont'd)
• By 1750, nearly a million settlers occupied
the Atlantic seaboard
 About a quarter million African slaves
 Indians had been enveloped or retreated
• New Spain and New France also grew but
still had fewer than 20,000 inhabitants
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
single puritan women
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This image shows actress Winona
Ryder as a young puritan who
accuses others of witchcraft.
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Chapter Review
The American Nation: A History of the United States, Fourteenth Edition
Mark C. Carnes • John A. Garraty
Copyright ©2012, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.