Download Chapter 29 Prosperity, Rebellion, and Reform

Jackie Robinson
Powerpoint by Mr. Zindman
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1. Postwar Policies and Prosperity
After the war in 1945 many American veterans returned home from war.
Experts were worried that the veterans returning home would not find
jobs. If the unemployment rose experts were afraid the economy would
tumble. Congress passed the G.I. Bill of Rights to help returning
veterans. The G.I. Bill provided loans for veterans to pay for college or
a new home.
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Inflation, or rising prices was the major postwar
problem. After the war prices of merchandise rose.
Workers demanded higher wages for the price
increases. When employers refused, labor unions
called strikes. President Harry Truman told workers to
go back to work and do not strike.
President Harry Truman the 33rd President of the United States
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With the election of 1948 President Truman
defeated Governor Thomas Dewey. It was a
surprise victory.
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During hid presidency, Truman produced a new reform called the Fair
Deal. He wanted to extend the liberal policies of his predecessor,
Franklin D. Roosevelt. Only a few proposals passes: a higher minimum
wage, extended Social Security benefits, and loans for buying low cost
houses.
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In 1952, President Truman decided not to run for reelection.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower, known as “honest Ike,” promised
to end the conflict in Korea and lead Americans through the Cold
War.
General Dwight D. Eisenhower 34th
President of the United States
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After the Great Depression many Americans put off having families.
When the war ended prosperity returned, and the number of births
soared. Population experts called this phenomenon a baby boom.
In addition to the baby boom, their was an economic boom. The
economy rapidly expanded. More good were produced and sold and
more jobs were created. New technology added to the boom, by
promoting steady rises in productivity, or the average output per
worker.
Birthrate
Chart
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The economic boom raised Americans’ standard of
living, and index based on the amount of goods,
services, and leisure time people have. Americans
bought washing machines, vacuum cleaners ,
television sets, automobiles, and many other consumer
goods.
washing machines
vacuum cleaners
television sets
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William Levitt
Levittown
With their newfound wealth, many
people bought homes in the
suburbs, or communities outside
the cities. Builder William Levitt
pioneered a new way of building
suburban houses. He bought large
tracts of land and divided them into
small lots. He build identical homes
on each lot. Because these homes
were mass produced, they were
cheaper to buy. This eventually led
to the building of shopping
centers. Levitt called the project
Levittown. African Americans were
barred from owning or renting in
Levittown. Levitt feared that if he
sold to blacks, whites would not
buy the homes.
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Many Americans flocked to the Sunbelt, a region stretching
across the southern rim of the country. People were lured there
due to the warm climate and good jobs. Automobiles became
very important to people in the 1950’s. By 1969, 9 of 10
Americans living in the suburbs owned a car and a television
set.
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In the mid 1950’s Rock-and-Roll combined sounds or
rhythm, blues, country, and gospel with a hard driving
beat. Teenagers liked rock and roll because it provided
an opportunity to show their independence. A small
group of writers and artists criticized the materialism in
American society. Novelist, Jack Kerouac termed these
people beatniks in his book.
beatnik cartoon
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2. The Civil rights Movement
Throughout the nation, discrimination limited the lives of millions of
Americans. Qualified African Americans found themselves barred
From good jobs and decent housing in the north. In the south,
laws enforced strict separation, or segregation, of the races in
schools, but the users, restaurants, and other public places. The
facilities for blacks were inferior to those of whites.
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The discrimination
also limited Mexican
Americans and
other Latinos. They
were not subject to
strict segregation
laws. However, the
laws as well as
traditions worked
against them.
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For most African
Americans, the NAACP
or the National
Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People led the drive
against discrimination
during World War II.
Thurgood Marshall, and
as a legal defense fund
of mounted several court
battles against
segregation. Marshall
also helped blacks of
register to vote and
fought for equal
opportunities in housing
and employment.
Thurgood Marshall
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Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in the major
league baseball in 1947 when he joined the Brooklyn
Dodgers. He was even named the rookie of the year.
Under pressure from civil rights groups, President
Truman ordered integration, or the mixing of different
racial groups, in the armed forces in 1948.
Jackie Robinson
integration
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in 1896 in Plessey v. Ferguson that “separate but equal” facilities for
backs and whites were constitutional. the NAACP argued that
separate white and black schools were not equal in the 1950’s.In the
Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of education of Topeka,
Thurgood Marshall challenged the whole idea of “ separate but
equal.”
Thurgood Marshall
George E.C. Hayes,
Thurgood Marshall, and
James M. Nabrit, 1954
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Chief Justice Earl Warren
The Supreme Court ruled in
Brown's favor in 1954.
Chief Justice Earl Warren
noted that segregation
affected the “hearts and
minds” of black students in
a way unlikely to be ever
be undone.” “We conclude
that in the field of public
education, the doctrine of
separate but equal, has no
place. Separate educational
facilities are always
unequal.”
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Little
Rock
Nine
One year later, the Court
ordered the schools to
be desegregated. Some
schools had trouble
with the integration. In
Arkansas in 1957, the
Governor Orval Faubus,
called the National
Guard to keep African
American students out
of classes. President
Eisenhower sent
Federal troops because
the Governor was
defying the federal law.
Governor Orval
Faubus
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The Montgomery Bus Boycott
In Montgomery, Alabama Rosa Parks was ordered to give up her seat
and move to the back of the bus so a white man could have her seat,
as the Alabama segregation laws required. Parks, a well known activist
and a secretary for the NAACP, refused to give up her seat. She was
then arrested and put in jail. That night several women, from the
NAACP, wrote a letter asking African Americans to boycott, or refuse
to use the busses. To support the protest, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
led a nonviolent bus boycott of the busses. King insisted that
protesters limit their actions of civil disobedience, or non violent
protests against unjust laws. The boycott lasted from December 5th to
December 20th of the next year. The Montgomery improvement
Association, led by Dr. King, filed a federal lawsuit to end bus
segregation. The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was
unconstitutional. The Montgomery bus company then agreed to
integrate busses and hire black bus drivers.
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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. is arrested
and the bus boycott has a successful
end
Rosa Parks arrested
Rosa Parks and walking to work
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Following the Montgomery victory, King and other
African American Leaders founded the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to carry on the
crusade for civil rights. Dr. King became the president
and Reverend Ralph Abernathy became the treasurer.
The SCLC urged African Americans to fight injustice by
using civil disobedience.
Reverend Ralph
Abernathy and Dr.
Martin Luther King Jr.
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3. Protest, Reform, and Doubt
John F. Kennedy took
the presidential oath
of office on January
20, 1961 at the age of
43. The 1960’s and
1970’s were years of
idealism. They also
turned out to be a
time of uncertainty,
tragedy, and turmoil
for Americans of all
ages.
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In the election of 1960 television was used for the first
time for a presidential debate. Can be debated against
Nixon in the debate . Kennedy won the election by a
narrow margin. Kennedy’s election he urged Congress
to pass laws to help millions of Americans living in
poverty. Congress blocked all the president’s poverty
programs. Congress did fund the Peace Corps. The
Peace Corps were volunteers sent to teach or provide
technical help and developing nations.
Richard Nixon
and John F.
Kennedy before
the debate.
Peace Corps
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The 36th president of the
United States President
Lyndon Johnson
On November 22, 1963, Kennedy
traveled to Dallas, Texas, on a political
tour. As his convertible past cheering
crowds, gun shots rang out. The
present slumped in his seat. Later, John
F. Kennedy died. That afternoon, Vice
President Lyndon Johnson was sworn
in as President. Chief justice Earl
Warren later concluded that a lone
gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, had
murdered the President. Lee Harvey
Oswald was killed by another gunman.
Today most historians agree with the
Warren commission blaming Lee Harvey
Oswald for the murder. President
Johnson steered many of Kennedy’s
proposals through Congress. In
November, 1964, voters returned him to
the White House in a landslide victory as
President
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The Great Society
President Johnson began Medicare in which the government would
help hospital costs for senior citizens. The President began
Medicaid which gave money to help or citizens with their medical
bills. A new office of economic opportunity created job training
programs for the unemployed. It gave loans to needy farmers and to
the businesses and poor sections of cities. Programs to build
housing for low income and middle income families were also part of
the president’s Great Society. President Johnson also started Head
Start programs to help of children in our schools.
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Despite these social reforms, protest movements grew in the
1960’sThe civil rights movement expanded. Opposition to the War in
Vietnam grew. Some people began to reject the lifestyles of their
parents. Many Americans joined the counterculture movement. They
criticized the drive for personnel success. Instead of going to college
they “dropped out” and joined communes. Inspired by the civil rights
movement, counterculture called for peace, justice, and social
equality.
A burning Viet Cong base
People from communes in
the 1960’s
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As more and more young men were sent to fight in Vietnam, the
antiwar movement gained strength. Protesters staged rallies,
burned draft cards. And refused to serve in the military. President
Johnson’s popularity plummeted so he did not run again for
reelection. In the election of 1968, Nixon won the presidency by a
narrow victory.
A soldier in the Vietnam War
Milton L. Olive III fought and
died in the Vietnam War
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President Nixon reduced the funds
for the Great Society programs during
his presidency, including job training,
low income housing, and education.
He called this transfer of power the
“New Federalism.” During his
campaign he said he wanted to help
the “silent majority.” These were the
people who were disturbed by the
unrest in the 1960’s but did not
protest publically. Nixon began a “law
and order program,” in which Federal
funds were used to aid local police
departments. He also named four
conservative justices to the Supreme
Court.
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Nixon inherited the space program
from Kennedy and Johnson. Its
greatest triumph came in 1969 just
as Nixon took office. Two
astronauts landed a small craft on
the moon’s surface. Millions of
people watched this event on the
television. Neil Armstrong became
the first person to step on the
moon.
Neil Armstrong
First moon walk
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During the Nixon years, the economy suffered from
stagflation, a combination of rising prices, high
unemployment, and slow economic growth. To halt
inflation Nixon froze wages and prices. To stimulate
growth Nixon increase federal spending. Still the
economic problems would no go away.
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In Nixon’s second term in office a
scandal forced the president to
resign from office. President Nixon
had made several secret tape
recordings of conversations in his
office. This became known as the
Watergate Affair. It showed that the
President tried to cover up the
break in at the Democratic
Headquarters in the Watergate
Apartment. During the scandal
Vice President Spiro Agnew was
accused of taking bribes so he
resigned. When the impeachment
hearings against the president
began, Nixon resigned from office.
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Gerald Ford became the new President amid the ending political
scandal. President Ford granted Nixon a full pardon. He did it one
month after Nixon resigned. In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the election
as the new President. Carter was a strong defender of human
rights. He was unable to stop rising prices and inflation.
Gerald Ford the 38th
President
Jimmy Carter became the 39th
President
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Across the South, segregation limited the rights of black Americans
not only in lunch counters but also in bus stations, restrooms, and
other public facilities. Many African Americans began using a form of
protest called a sit-in, in which people sit in and refuse to leave. The
first sit-in took place in a Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro,
north Carolina.
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Anne Moody and the Congress of Racial Equality
(CORE) organized “freedom rides,” in which busloads of
young Freedom Riders (black and white) rode from town
to town to integrate bus terminals in the South. The
early civil rights groups held firmly to the tactics of what
Martin Luther King Jr. called “nonviolent action.”
freedom rides
Freedom Riders organized by
the Congress of Racial
Equality evacuate a bus set
afire by a mob outside of
Anniston, Alabama, in 1961.
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Police sometimes responded by using attack dogs and
water hoses against protestors. Civil rights leaders
were hurt or sometimes killed. In August in 1963 more
than 200,000 Americans marched to Washington, D.C.
They wanted congress to pass laws to end
discrimination.
Attack dogs were used
against civil rights activists
During a protest against segregation
practices in 1963, demonstrators brace
themselves against the force of water
sprayed by riot police in Birmingham,
Alabama.
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Among the speakers was Martin Luther King Jr. In
his I Have A Dream Speech he called for an end to
racial discrimination.
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President Kennedy failed to pass federal civil rights
laws. Lyndon Johnson was successful in passing
the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which protected the
rights of all citizens to vote. It outlawed
discrimination in hiring and ended segregation in
public places.
President
Johnson signs
the Civil Rights
Act of 1964.
Among the
guests behind
him is Martin
Luther King Jr.
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In 1965, the Voting Rights Act allowed federal
officials to register voters in states practicing
discrimination. It ended literacy tests used to keep
African Americans from voting.
President Johnson with Dr. Martin Luther King
celebrating the signing of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
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The Black Panthers was a radical group to told African
Americans to arm themselves to end segregation. Black
Muslims, such as Malcolm X. argued that African
Americans could succeed only if they separated from
white society. Before he was assassinated, Malcolm X
began to change his views.
Black Panthers
Malcolm X
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Many angry protesters turned violent In August of 1965
in Los Angles. The rioters, in Watts, a black
neighborhood, set fire to buildings and looted stores.
Some 4,000 people were arrested an 34 people were
killed, and 1,000 people injured. Chicago and Detroit also
had similar violent protests.
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In April 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated
in the Lorraine Motel in Memphis Tennessee. King’s
life has continued to inspire Americans to work for a
peaceful change. To honor his memory, his birthday
was declared a national holiday.
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In the 1970’s many
African Americans won
public offices in small
towns and large cities.
Atlanta, Cleveland,
Detroit, New Orleans,
and Los Angles had all
elected black mayors by
1979. President Johnson
appointed Thurgood
Marshall to the Supreme
Court. Many Universities
adopted affirmative
action programs. These
programs sought to hire
and promote minorities.
Thurgood Marshall
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The Women’s Rights Movement
Women have long fought inequality. Since the 1960’s,
their drive for equal rights has been known as the
Women’s Rights Movement. In the workplace qualified
women found male employers were unwilling to hire them
for certain jobs. They were usually paid less then men. In
1966, writer Betty Friedman helped set up the National
Organization for Women (NOW), which worked or equal
rights for women in jobs and education.
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New laws helped women. Make some gains.
The Equal Rights Act of 1964 required equal
pay for equal work. It outlawed discrimination
in hiring based on gender and race.
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In the 1970’s Latino’s worked for equal Rights. More than 10 million
Latino’s lived in the United States. Mexican Americans are the
largest group of Latino's Living in the United States from 1960-1980.
Many were migrant workers from Mexico. A migrant worker traveled
from farm to farm looking for work. The were paid low wages and
worked in harsh conditions. Many Latino’s from Puerto Rico came
to the United States to work in factories. They faced job and house
discrimination. Cuban Americans fled from Fidel Castro when he
set up a communist government in Cuba. The first wave of Cuban
immigrants from 1959-1962 were mostly educated individuals. The
second wave of immigrants from Cuba in the 1980’s were mostly
unskilled workers. Many settled in Miami, Florida and were subject
to discrimination.
Hispanic Flag
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Cesar Chavez formed a union of
migrant workers, the United Farm
Workers. When the workers were
mistreated Chavez called for a
national boycott of farm products.
This led to higher wages and better
working conditions. By the mid
1960’s Latino’s began taking pride
in their history and culture. Latino’s
became registered voters and they
elected many Latino officials to
represent their own interests. One
result of the Voting Rights Act of
1975 was bilingual elections.
Bilingual means in to languages.
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Native Americans also worked for their rights. The
American Indian Movement (AIM) protested the
treatment of Indians. The Native Americans wanted to
remind Americans of the governments failure to deal
fairly with American Indians.
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