Download Canada Part V

International Relations
Unit 20
Introduction
• A great power, a middle power or a small
power?
Canada sought status in world affairs as a
so-called middle power: too small to be a
great power, but large enough and strong
enough to act as an intermediary in world
affairs.
• A pragmatic approach to foreign policy
Political Geography
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Difficulty in defense “indefensible”
International organizations:
military:
the Permanent Joint Board on Defense (1940)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949
North American Air (later Aerospace) Defense
Agreement, 1958
economic:
the UN
the Commonwealth
Colombo Plan
La Francophonie
GATT—WTO
World Bank
FTA—NAFTA
• Security and well-being through cooperation and
dialogue
From junior partner to middle
power
• WWI
no independent foreign policy
led by Britain with great contribution
e.g. Royal Air Corps
domestic suffering
increased tension between English- and Frenchspeaking Canadians
• Conscription
Conscription (强迫征募，尤指军队；征兵)
World War I broke out in 1914 and Canada, as an ally of Great Britain,
automatically found itself in the fray. Prime Minister Robert
Borden's intention to send a large number of soldiers aroused
furious debate across the country - debate that would culminate in
a real crisis when conscription was carried out in 1917. Robert
Borden, an ardent imperialist, was determined to maintain
Canada's participation, and for him this was the only way for
Canada to be considered equal to Great Britain, rather than a
mere colony. Borden was convinced of the importance of
establishing a forced conscription system to compensate for
losses. French-Canadians refused to let the government impose
conscription. The country emerged deeply divided by this crisis,
and the Conservative Party lost its influence in Quebec and in the
West.
Canadian nurses in a military hospital in
France vote in the federal election of 1917.
Robert Borden during the war bonds campaign.
Recruiting poster to convince francophones.
Recruiting poster to convince francophones.
Recruiting poster to convince francophones.
Anti-conscription protest in Montreal, May 24, 1917.
• WWII & Conscription
The Conscription Crisis of 1944 was a political and military crisis in
Canada during World War II. It was similar to the Conscription
Crisis of 1917, but was not as politically damaging.
• Influence of WWII
The most significant outcome of World War II for Canada in its
foreign relations was the relative decline of Britain and the
emergence of the United States as the world's foremost economic
and military power. Canada's relations with Britain became
increasingly distant; those with the United States became closer.
• Suez Crisis
• Cold War
Suez Crisis
• Suez Crisis, international confrontation along the
Suez Canal in 1956 that pitted Egypt against the
combined forces of Israel, Britain, and France.
The crisis, which was provoked by Egypt’s
nationalization of the strategic waterway,
triggered the diplomatic intervention of both the
United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR). It was finally defused through
the placement of a United Nations (UN)
peacekeeping force in the canal zone.
Liberal Internationalism
(自由主义，自由国际主义)
• Liberal
Internationalism
(often
shortened
to
Liberalism), is a belief that interdependency of all
people and - specifically - all nations are essential to
the progress and welfare of humankind.
• Liberal Internationalism came up with it's own hybrid
called Neo-Liberalism in the 1960s, which thought
international co-operation was essential but needed a
basis in the co-operation of sovereign states willing to
participate.
Canada’s military commitments
• “involuntary military guarantee”
• NATO and a “free rider”
Canadian-American relations
• A Unique and Vital Relationship
The links between our countries are deep, diverse
and complex.
They share:
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•
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A long tradition of cooperation in defending our continent and fighting
for freedom.
The world's largest trading relationship.
A common border that stretches across 8,893 kilometers (5,526 miles)
of land and three oceans.
Stewardship of a rich and diverse environment, including 20 percent
of the world's supply of fresh water in the Great Lakes.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Partners for Security
Partners in Economic Growth
Partners for Energy Security
Partners for a Smart Border
Partners on Environmental Issues
A Rules-Based Partnership
• Canadian leaders struggled to reconcile the
goals of safeguarding Canadian sovereignty
and integrating Canada into the U.S.
economic, diplomatic, and military spheres
of influence. The dilemma was complicated
by the fact that Canadians shared to a
considerable degree the U.S. view of the
postwar world.