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1789-1803 CHAPTER 9 Revolutionary Legacies CREATED EQUAL JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “We must guard as a most valuable privilege, the freedom and rights of election. Wherever the wealthy by influence of riches, are enabled to direct the choice of public officers, there the downfall of liberty cannot be very remote.” George James Warner, sail maker in speech on July 4, 1797 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1789 1787 1790 1791 1792 1793 George Washington inaugurated French Revolution Free African Society established Battle at Maumee River Valley (victory for Miami Indians) Bill of Rights ratified Whiskey Tax Bank of the United States chartered Congress funds the national debt Washington reelected Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women Neutrality Proclamation The English-French war Reign of Terror Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers TIMELINE 1794 1795 1796 1798 1801 1803 Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania Pinckney Treaty Indian cessation of land to U.S. John Adams elected President Alien and Sedition acts Jefferson elected President War with the Barbary States and the treaty at Tripoli The Louisiana Purchase ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers REVOLUTIONARY LEGACIES Overview Competing Political Visions in the New Nation People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles Continuity and Change in the West Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era The Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal? ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers COMPETING POLITICAL VISIONS IN THE NEW NATION Federalism and DemocraticRepublicanism in Action Planting the Seeds of Industry Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Federalism and DemocraticRepublicanism in Action 1793: The English-French war and the Reign of Terror Federalists (Hamilton) sided with the British and desired a stable, strong central government Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson) sympathized with the French revolution (although abhorred the violence) ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Hamilton and the Federalists A strong federal government through fiscal policy 1790: Congress funded national debt 1791: Congress issued charter to Bank of the United States hoping to stimulate the economy 1791: Hamilton favored factories to stimulate growth ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans Power to individual states and agricultural interests Favor lower tariffs to benefit farmers and small consumers Opposed the Bank of the United States Governments should steer clear of using fiscal power, and exercise restraint in spending and avoid debt ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Planting the Seeds of Industry “Report on the Subject of Manufactures” Hamilton (1791) 1791: Slater and the cotton thread spinning machine (Steam Cotton Manufacturing Company) 1793: Whitney and the cotton gin Manufacturing economy region New England to Pennsylvania ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Echoes of the American Revolution in the Countryside Whiskey Rebellion 1794: President Washington quelled a revolt in Pennsylvania over federal tax collection Resentment of Federalists having power over rural America 1799: Another violent opposition to federal taxes failed in its goals ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Exports of U.S. Cotton, 1789-1800 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Distribution of Wealth in the United States and Europe, 1798 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home 1795: Chief Justice Jay negotiated treaty with England England evacuated northern forts and stopped seizures of American ships in exchange for payments of debts to preRevolution English creditors 1795: Pinckney Treaty/Treaty of San Lorenzo U.S. granted navigation rights on Mississippi Election of 1796 1791: President Adams and Tallyrand’s bribe 1798: Alien and Sedition Acts Convention of 1800 in Paris ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers PEOPLE OF COLOR: NEW FREEDOMS, NEW STRUGGLES Blacks in the North The Story of Ona Judge Manumissions in the South ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Blacks in the North Between 1790 and 1804, all northern states abolished slavery. 1792: Congress restricted militia to whites only. Restrictions on blacks in New England and Mid-Atlantic states included right to vote, jury service, interracial marriage. Northern black Americans moved into their own homes, worshipped in their own churches and celebrated their own holidays. 1787: Free African Society 1794: Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church Pinkster, Training Day, Negro Election Day, Coronation Day ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Story of Ona Judge Ona Judge: First Lady Martha Washington’s personal attendant, and young enslaved woman 1790: During move to Philadelphia, Ona escaped, and with help from others went to Portsmouth, NH 1793: Washington had singed the Fugitive Slave Act: provided that owner must have a judge’s authorization to seize a runaway slave Washington seeks authorization, saying she had been abducted. Whipple refuses to have her returned after speaking with Ona. At Washington’s death, he stipulated that his slaves be freed. He had been swayed to anti-slavery thoughts witnessing the black soldiers of the Revolutionary War. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Manumissions in the South Manumissions: Process in which owners release selected slaves from bondage 1782: Virginia lifted ban on manumissions 10,000 Virginia slaves gained freedom 1790-1810: Baltimore’s black population increased by over 5000 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Growth in the American Free Black Population, 1790-1860 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE WEST Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region Indian Acculturation in the West Land Speculation and Slavery ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Northwest Territory ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region The Northwest Ordinance riled both whites and Native Americans. Whites determined to settle and own land; Indians determined to resist 1790: Miami chief Little Turtle won the battle at Maumee River Valley over Brigadier General Hamar. 1794: Little Turtle urged Ohio Confederacy to seek peace, but General “Mad Anthony” Wayne met Turkey Foot at British Fort Miami. The Indian warriors were crushed due in part to the refusal of the British to give them shelter in the fort. 1795: Indians ceded to U.S. all of present day Ohio and most of Indiana. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Indian Acculturation in the West The “middle ground”: Taking some from the European-American way of life and retaining Indian customs. Alcohol, a crisis among the Indians 1799: Seneca leader Handsome Lake and the “Good Message” The Spanish attempted to convert Indians Chumash Karankawas ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Southwest in 1800 ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Land Speculation and Slavery Ohio Company of Associates and Georgia’s Yazoo Act Cotton plantations in Mississippi Territory Laws restricting free blacks ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Western Land Claims of the States ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers SHIFTING SOCIAL IDENTITIES IN THE POST-REVOLUTIONARY ERA The Search for Common Ground Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers “Republican Mothers” and Other WellOff Women A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Non-Elite Women ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Search for Common Ground Mingo Creek Society: tax resisters Society for the Relief of Poor Widows and Small Children African churches The church as family: Baptist and Methodists ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Artisan-Politicians and the Plight of Post-Revolutionary Workers Members of a one craft united and cared for one another stressing the equality of all white, freeborn men General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen Free men of color took to seafaring jobs Canal workers; menial laborers Commercial activity created jobs: moving goods, building, and personal services for merchants ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers “Republican Mothers” and Other Well-Off Women 1792: Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Women: Equal education for the sexes 1801: “A Second Vindication of the Rights of Women” by an “American Lady” “Republican Mothers”: participating in public life as guardians of home and children Academies for women Sarah Peirce’s in CT, Susanna Rowon’s in MA The School of “good manners” Alice Izard, Eliza Southgate Bowne “On the Equality of the Sexes” Judith Sargent Murray ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women Indian women lost the power to negotiate treaties and land transactions Many became indios servientes in Hispanic households in the southwest Free women of color worked domestic and menial jobs ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers THE ELECTION OF 1800: REVOLUTION OR REVERSAL? The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson Protecting and Expanding the National Interest ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson “I have sworn upon the altar of God eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.” A supporter of slavery Notes on the State of Virginia attempted to justify the exclusion of nonwhites from politics. Jefferson’s view of land ownership was opposed to that of Native Americans resulting in the decline of Indian land and life. ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers Protecting and Expanding the National Interest 1801: The war with the Barbary States and the treaty with Tripoli 1803: James Monroe and the Louisiana Purchase ©2006 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. Publishing as Longman Publishers
