Download US Hist A – U 3, Ch 9 Manifest Destiny

Chapter 9
Manifest Destiny
Migrating to the West
Americans Look Westward
Main Idea: By 1821, American expansionists soon began to covet
New Mexico, Texas, and California. Thinly settled but rich in
resources, the three provinces had great appeal for American
pioneers.
The Journey Westward
Main Idea: Following John C. Frémont’s vivid and romantic
reports from his western expedition, the overland trails drew
thousands of settlers west to California and Oregon.
The Plains Indians

The Spanish and French,
and Lewis and Clark all
explored the Great
Plains.
 The
vast grassland that
lies between the
Mississippi River and the
Rocky Mountains.

There were many
different cultural aspects
in the Great Plains.
The Importance of Buffalo

They used the:


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Hair for making ropes and pads, and for
ornamental and ceremonial purposes.
Horns and hoofs for making implements and utensils.
Bones for making soup and articles to be used in their various occupations
and games.
Sinews (tendons) for making their sewing thread and their stronger cords such
as bowstrings.
Skins for making ropes, tipis, clothing.
Flesh and intestines for food.
Americans tried to kill the Buffalo off to get rid of Indians.

Ever heard of Buffalo Bill? He killed 4,000 in one season alone!
What happens to the Plain Indians
Diseases brought by white traders and settlers made them
alter their lives, unless it already killed them.
 Surrounding raids from other Indian groups seriously hurt
numbers.
 Most Indians trailed the buffalo and ran from their
enemies.
 In 1825, the US Gov’t decides to force Indians to relocate
west of the Mississippi.

Indians and Western Migration

US army built forts along this as people migrated west along 95th
Meridian (divider of Indian Country – from Louisiana to Minnesota).

US Gov’t established in 1824 the BIA (Bureau of Indian Affairs)


They attempted to extinguish Indian land claims through treaties or yearly
payments.
In the 1850’s, the US Gov’t came up with a permanent solution to
this problem… RESERVATIONS.

Thousands of Indians became trapped on Reservations.


Were 8 in California by 1858.
Nomadic Indians didn’t want to settle down.

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
They wanted to follow the buffalo and roam the Great Plains.
Americans wanted to settle down and not have to deal with the Indians.
Result ---- VIOLENCE!
Reservation Life

Awful for warriors.

Had nothing to hunt.


Now had to depend on US
Gov’t for handouts.


Instead had to farm and do
household chores.
But many white Indian agents
were corrupt and sold supplies.
Food was usually rotten bacon.

Instead of eat this and accept
Gov’t help… many Indians chose
to starve.
Section #2: Hispanic North America
The US Gov’t thought the LA purchase would stay Indian
land… settlers had a different plan.
 By the 1830’s many white settlers pushed west into Indian
territory.



Led to creation of three new states: Iowa, Wisconsin and
Minnesota.
Before these new states came into the Union, many
Americans were moving west along the coast of the Gulf
of Mexico.

Isn’t that Spanish land? UH-OH…..
Mexican Independence

Took 13 years, finally
achieved in 1821.
Started with demands for
self-gov’t and local
uprisings.
 1810, a priest named
Miguel Hidalgo, triggered
a rebellion that spread
throughout Southern
Mexico.
 Treaty of Cordoba
officially granted Mexico
its independence from
Spain!

What you need to know!
 Mexico
opens up its border to trade with the USA.
 Spain
hadn’t allowed foreigners or foreign trade within
border provinces.
 Mexican
Gov’t set two conditions.
 Settlers
had to convert to Catholicism and become
Mexican citizens.
 American
traders saw an opportunity for profit in
the Santa Fe in the province of New Mexico.
Effects of Mexican Independence

The new government was hostile towards the Roman
Catholic Church and its missions
So they secularized the missions, meaning that they were now
under control of the state rather than the church.
 By the 1830’s, very few priests were left in Northern Mexico.


Economic reforms widened gaps b/t poor and rich.

Encouraged trade with the United States
 Santa
Fe Trail
 Connected
American traders from MO to Santa Fe.
 William Becknell
Trade with the United States
In 1821, William Becknell (a nearly bankrupt American)
brought goods from Missouri to the New Mexico capital
of Santa Fe…where he sold them for mules and silver
coins.
 William Becknell – the Father of the Santa Fe Trail

Other Americans followed taking advantage of the commercial
opening created by Mexican independence and economic
reforms.
 High quality and low prices of American goods nearly replaced
New Mexico’s trade with the rest of Mexico.
 Hello… Santa Fe Trail!!!


US also began to trade with California and Texas.
Traveling West
Section #3: Trails to the West
 There
were three great trails that lead to the West:
1.) Santa Fe Trail – you have seen already.
2.) Oregon Trail
3.) Mormon Trail
Oregon Country


In early 1800’s – GB, US,
Russia and Spain all claimed
this as their land.
1818 – US and GB signed a
treaty for joint occupation.

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Mountain Men
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Ignored the Indians that lived
there.
Came to live here.
In search of beaver pelts, they
adapted N. American ways and
married their women.
Many churches sent
missionaries here.
Overland Trails (Oregon Trail)

In 1843, Mtn Men started
organize wagon trails to
Oregon along the Indian
routes.
Groups met in
Independence, Missouri.
 From there they began their
2,000 miles trek across the
Great Plains and the Rocky
Mountains along the Oregon
Trail.


Santa Fe Trail also started here
in Independence, MO.
Why Move West?
 1.)
Land
 Could
be settled and farmed, or bought and sold for a
profit.
 2.)
Trade
 Attracted
 3.)
merchants with opportunity of wealth.
Challenge
 4.) Independent Life
The Journey

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Could take 4-6 months.
Cost typical family b/t $5000-1,000.
Went through Mountain Passes.
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A low spot in a mtn range that allows travelers to cross over to the other side.
Most were part of a family.
Few free African Americans, most were white.
Getting across rivers, through muddy bogs, and up steep hills was
hard work!
Boring, but not violent. Spent most time trading, not fighting.
Cholera killed about 4% of the pioneers b/t 1840-1860.
Trying to make it all better…
IN 1846, the US and Great
Britain agreed to divide
the Oregon Country along
the 49th Parallel.
 Because of the threat of
war with Mexico, this
peaceful solution proved
to be in the best interest of
the United States.

Time for our Manifest Destiny!!!
Section #4: From Sea to Sea
In 1846, John O’Sullivan coined the phrase “manifest
destiny.”
 Meaning it was America’s “obvious or undeniable fate” to
spread liberty throughout the continent in a divine
mission.
 Beliefs of Manifest Destiny are provided below:

1.) The nation needed more land for its rapidly growing
population.
 2.) Americans could bring economic growth and democracy to
places where they had never existed before.
 3.) American territorial expansion was blessed by God b/c it was
morally right.

Manifest Destiny
 We
are destined to move west to spread our:
 Religion
 Technology
 Way
of life (culture)
 Government
Mormons Move to Utah!!!
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
Mormons Settle Utah

During the Mexican War, the Mormons were heading
west – 1840’s.

Were one of the largest groups to do so.
Mormons, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, had been looking for a permanent home
ever since Joseph Smith founded their religion.
 Harassed by neighbors due to their belief in polygamy,
Mormons moved to Ohio, Missouri, and then Illinois.


Smith was killed due to his practicing polygamy.
Mormons on the Move!

Their new leader, Brigham Young, decided they needed to
live beyond borders of U.S (he moved them)

They chose Great Salt Lake b/c it was away from other
Americans.
Within three years of when they left in 1874, 11,000
Mormons settled here.
 These settlements were prosperous due to skillful
irrigation in desert farming.
 Brigham Young was elected Governor when Utah went to
US after Mexican War.
 Utah became 45th state in the Union in 1896.

CHART
Westward Migration, 1840s
TRANSPARENCY
Brigham Young and the Mormons
Texas and the Mexican-American War
Texas Wins Independence
Main Idea: Tensions grew between American settlers and the Mexican
government. Following a rebellion against Mexican rule, Texans declared
their independence and adopted a republican constitution.
Americans Debate Expansion
Main Idea: Sam Houston asked that the United States annex Texas, but
many in Congress were opposed because of the impact this would have in
the slavery debate.
The Mexican-American War
Main Idea: Texas claimed the land south and west of the Nueces River as
far as the Rio Grande as its own. Outraged, the Mexicans refused to
recognize the annexation. The war that followed resulted in an American
victory.
Texans seek Independence
 Tons
of Americans move into Texas!
 Steven Austin got permission from the Mexican
Gov’t to found a colony of several hundred
families in east Texas.
 Father
of Texas
 He led the first organized group of
American settlers into Texas in 1822.
 By 1824, were 2,000 immigrants
were living in Austin’s colony.
Texans seek independence:
American Demands Grow

1824 Mexican Colonization Law

Americans promised cheap land, protection of Mex Gov’t, &
four year tax break if they settled in Texas.


By, twice as many Americans in Texas than Mexicans.
In 1830 Mexican Gov’t said no more 1830 Americans!
And…no importation of slaves
 But Americans still came with their slaves.


Americans in Texas were divided by wanting slavery and
those not wanting it.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
He declared himself
dictator of Mexico.
 He stripped Texas and
other territories of their
remaining rights of selfgov’t.
 This united Texas under
cause of independence.
 Everyone wanted
independence.


Settlers named Sam
Houston, recent immigrant
from Tenn, as their
commander and chief.
Sam Houston
Sam Houston was a native of
Virginia, who learned the Cherokee
way of life, and then helped manage
their relocation to Arkansas.
 Eventually, he used his knowledge
of law to fight for Cherokee rights,
and served as an advisor to them.
 He was sent to Texas by President Jackson to negotiate
treaties with the Indians to protect American traders
crossing into Mexico.
 This put him in position to lead the independence
movement for Texas.

Texas winning Independence

General Santa Anna (dictator of Mexico) went into action
due to settler’s defiance.

He crossed the Rio Grande with several thousand men and they
headed for the ALAMO (a walled fortress in San Antionio).


In December 1835 a group of Texas rebels had ousted Mexican trooops
from the Fortress.
The Texans at the Alamo (>200) prepared to meet Santa
Anna.

William Travis and James Bowie were their leaders, they wanted
to slow S.Anna enough to assemble an army.
The Battle of the Alamo
Lasted 13 days.
 Col Travis asked for help “to the people of Texas and all
the Americans in the World.”
 Texans caused 1-1,600 causalities to Mexicans.
 March 6 – Santa Anna made his way in.



He said, “take no prisoners”
When the fighting stopped 180 Texas were dead including
leaders, and Davy Crockett.

15 people were spared, mostly women and children.
 Davy
Crocket ->
William Travis->
 James
Bowie ->
What else could happen now?!?

Soon after, 300 Texans surrendered to Mexicans at another presidio,
and were subsequently murdered after being granted POW status.

These events stirred great emotion in Texans, and an emotional
victory over the Mexican army (to the rallying cry of “Remember
the Alamo” occurred, allowing Texas to gain Independence. The
further expansion of Whites over the Southwest enraged the
Mexican government, increasing the possibility of war.

On March 2, 1836 – The rebels formally declared the
founding of an independent Republic of Texas.
The Defeat of Santa Anna
Santa Anna went after the last remaining force led by Sam
Houston.
 April 21, 1836 – Houston’s forces surprise attacked and
defeated Santa Anna in the afternoon.

Battle of San Jacinto, Texans won!
 They rallied to cries of, “Remember the Alamo!”

They caught Santa Anna and made him sign a treaty
recognizing the Republic of Texas.
 Texans elected Sam Houston first
President of the Lone Star Republic.


Created a Constitution that said
slavery was a-okay!
Events leading to the
Texas War for Independence
1821 – Moses Austin recieves a 200,000 acre land grant
from the Spanish gov’t to colonize Texas, in northeastern
Mexico. He dies before he organizes the colony.
 1821 – Mexico achieves indepence from Spain.
 1821 – Stephen Austin, Moses’ son, recieves permission
from Mexico to carry out his father’s plan.
 1825 – Mexico opens Texas to American settlement.
American population in Texas swells.
 1829 – Mexico abolishes slavery.

Events leading to the
Texas War for Independence
– Mexico stops American settlement.
Differences between American settlers and the
Mexican gov’t increase.
 1834 – General Santa Anna declares himself
dictator.
 1835 – Mexico rejects Texas application for
statehood.
 1836 – Texas declares independence.
 1830
TRANSPARENCY
Texas War for Independence
Time line of Hispanic North America

1821: Mexico wins independence from Spain

Stephen Austin receives permission from Mexico to bring American
Immigrants to Texas for trade
1825: Mexico opens Texas to American immigration
 1829: Mexico abolishes slavery
 1830: Mexico stops American settlement
 1834: Army general Santa Anna becomes dictator of
Mexico
 1835 Mexico rejects Texas application for statehood
 1836 Texans declare independence

Outnumbered Texans lose Battle of the Alamo after fighting
bravely for 13 days
 Sam Houston leads Texans to victory at Battle of San Jacinto
 Santa Anna recognizes Texas independence

The Annexation of Texas
September 1836 – Texas raised a flag with a single star…
the Lone Star Republic.
 1836 – Texas asked Congress to be annexed.

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US refused their request.
Northern states opposed another slave state b/c balance in
Congress would go in the south’s favor.
 Some gov’t leaders feared that it would mean war with
Mexico.

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
Santa Anna said that annexation would be “equivalent to a
declaration of war against the Mexican Republic.”
President John Tyler (#10) signed the treaty, Congress
refused.
Election of 1844
 Annexing
Texas was the HOT ISSUE!!!
 Henry Clay opposed annexing it.
 Didn’t
want war with Mexico.
<- James K. Polk supported annexing.
- He also supported the reoccupation of the northern
territory to gain northern support.
DECISION POINT
Should the United States Annex Texas?
Election of 1844… what does it all mean?
 Henry
K. Polk wins (11th President)
 Him
being an expansionist and advocator of Manifest,
suggested that most Americans wanted more territory
too… Legislature begins to shift.
 Before Polk takes office, Congress approves
annexation.
 Texas
 One
becomes 28th state in the Union.
month after Congress does this, Mexico
breaks off all diplomatic relations.
War with Mexico

Even if Mexico accepted the annex… the border over
Texas and Mexico remained a constant battle.
US claimed Rio Grande was official US/Mex border.
 Mex said it was the Nueces River (few miles north).


Polk sent John Slidell to Mexico City to try and buy New
Mexico and California for $30 million!

Mexican gov’t didn’t even receive him, or hear his offer.
Troops are on the move…

Polk sent General Zachary Taylor
to lead American forces into
disputed territory.
Attacked by Mexican forces, killed US troops.
 Polk seized his chance!


Angry at the “American blood on American soil”, Polk
asked Congress to declare war.

Meanwhile…John C. Fremont leads troops into California in
preparation to fight.
The Trouble with Texas
May 1846 – US declares war on Mexico
 South and West support war.

Northeast opposed it, called it the “war of conquest”
 Henry David Thoreau, went to jail for not paying his taxes to
support the war.


His practice of passive resistance later influences Gandhi and MLK, Jr.

Polk’s war plan was to seize New Mexico and California.

Stephen Kearney led forces into Santa Fe…
Took New Mexico without firing a shot!
 Next… off to California!

The Bear Flag Revolt


John C. Fremont led a
rebellion against Mexican
authority in California.
Seized the Mexican leader
Mariano Vallejo and threw him
in jail.



Made a flag with a grizzly bear
and a single star and declared
California the Bear Flag
Republic.
1846 – Kearney’s troops joined
the Americans rebelling.
1847 – US controlled
California.
Defeating Mexico



U.S. Forces invaded Mexico
Zachary Taylor led forces
South from Texas
- Defeated Santa Anna’s troops
Winfield Scott landed at
Veracruz and moved inland
toward Mexico City
- Killed 1,000 Mexican
soldiers and 100 cadets at
Chapultepec
- 1847 – conquered Mexico
City
Defeating Mexico
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
ended the war
- Mexico accepted Rio Grande
as its northern border
- Mexico gave up a vast stretch
of land between Texas and the
Pacific Ocean that included
present day states of
California, Nevada, Utah, and
parts of Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona
(Mexican Cession)
Defeating Mexico… cont.

Gadsden Purchase
(1853) – U.S. purchased
strip of land across
southern New Mexico and
Arizona for $10 million
- Completed the presentday southwestern
boundary of the United
States
Wilmot Proviso
Most important thing about the Mexican War was… it
brought the question of slavery to the forefront of
American politics.
 Do we allow more slave states? What about the balance
of Congress?



Northerners felt…, Southerners felt….
1846 – a bill came before Congress to provide funds for
negotiating with Mexico.

A Pennsylvania Democrat, David Wilmot, added this…
Slavery would not be permitted in any of the territory acquried from
Mexico.
 CONGRESS SAID HECK NO!


This showed the widening gap b/t the democratic slaveowning south, and the republican free north.
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Understand Effects
Effects of Territorial Expansion
America Achieves Manifest Destiny
Main Idea: The United States finally achieved Manifest Destiny after its victory in the
Mexican-American War. Yet, the long-term effects of the war served to highlight
growing differences between North and South and set the stage for future conflict.
The California Gold Rush
Main Idea: To most Americans, the new lands in the West seemed too distant for rapid
settlement. But in early 1848, sawmill workers found flecks of gold in the American
River east of Sacramento, California, starting a mass migration to the region.
Effects of the Gold Rush
Main Idea: The rapid settlement of California had unforeseen consequences on both
the territory and the nation. The most immediate effects were felt by the people who
already lived there. Among these effects were discrimination and violence towards
Indians and Mexicans.
The California Gold Rush


January 1848 – James
Marshall discovered gold at
John Sutter’s Mill
1849 – California Gold Rush
- People who rushed to
California looking for gold
were called Forty-niners
- Most Forty-niners were men
looking to get rich quick and
return home
- Some women earned money
cooking, washing and running
boarding houses
The California Gold Rush


Mining Camps developed along
stream and rivers of the Sierra
Nevada foothills
- Populations rose and
disappeared quickly in
Boomtowns
- When mining settled down,
everyone moved on and the
towns became ghost towns.
People from all over the went to
California (especially Chinese)
- Chinese came as indentured
servants
- Faced prejudice and were
forced out of the mining camps
- Many found jobs cooking
and washing clothes
Effects of the Gold Rush





1849 – 1852 – ¼ of a million people
migrated to California
San Francisco became a major
banking, manufacturing, and trading
center
Anglo-American culture replaced
Mexican culture
Indian population dropped
- Many were hunted down and killed
(Progress)
1850 – California applied for
statehood as a free state
- 1850s – Issue of slavery begins to
tear the nation apart
TRANSPARENCY
Mining for Gold
CHART
Growth of San Francisco