Download Chapter 8

Survey
yes no Was this document useful for you?
   Thank you for your participation!

* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project

Document related concepts

History of the United States (1776–89) wikipedia , lookup

Transcript
Chapter 8
Completing the Revolution,
1789-1815
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Establishing the Government
• George Washington, 1789
• Inaugurated as first President
• New York City
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The “Republican Court”
• George Washington: Mr. President
• Vice-President John Adams
• Importance of Presidential pomp and
circumstance
• Thomas Jefferson: lone democrat in the
administration
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The First Congress
• James Madison, author of the Constitution
• Bill of Rights
• Judiciary Act of 1789
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Hamiltonian Economics: The
National Debt
• Alexander Hamilton
– Secretary of Treasury
– Report on Public Credit (1790)
• Foreign debt paid promptly and fully
• Domestic debt—government issue securities to
debtholders that pay 4% interest
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Hamiltonian Economics: The
Bank and the Excise Tax
• Bank of the United States
– Handle government revenue and disbursements
– Privately owned and controlled
– Carbon copy of Bank of England
• Taxes
– Excise taxes: alcohol, tea, coffee, etal.
– Whiskey tax to set precedent of federal
government imposing and collecting internal
tax
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Rise of Opposition
• Madison led congressional opposition to
Hamilton’s proposals
• Jefferson joins Madison’s opposition
• Compromise reached:
– In exchange for accepting Hamilton’s proposals
on the debt, the permanent capital of the United
States would be located on the Potomac River
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Jefferson versus Hamilton
• Jefferson and strict constructionism
• Hamilton and loose constructionism
• Federalists
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Republic in a World at War,
1793-1800
• French Revolution erupts
• France is at war with Austria and Prussia
• France declares war on Britain and kill its
king
• A war between French republicanism and
British-led reaction
• Ends in French defeat, 1815
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Americans and the French
Revolution
• Americans sympathetic to French Revolution
– Jeffersonian Republicanism
– Grateful for French help in American revolution
• Washington declares American neutrality
• U.S. commerce and financial health depended on
good relations with Great Britain
• Jefferson and Madison lead French sympathizers
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Citizen Genêt
•
•
•
•
Citizen Edmond Charles Genêt
British Orders in Council
French ignored neutrality of the U.S.
British engaged in overt and covert acts of
war
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Western Troubles
• Shawnee attack frontier settlers
• “Mad” Anthony Wayne and the Battle of Fallen
Timbers (1794)
• Whiskey Rebellion
• George Washington orders militia troops against
Whiskey Rebellion
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Jay Treaty
• Jay’s Treaty
–
–
–
–
–
British agree to abandon forts on U.S. soil
U.S. grants Britain Most-Favored-Nation trading status
Nothing said of impressment or other British violations
New England and port cities for it
South opposed
• Pinckney Treaty
– Thomas Pinckney
– Favorable Florida border
– Americans can use Mississippi River and port of New
Orleans
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Washington’s Farewell
• Set 2-term limit
• Secured U.S. control of West
• Farewell address warnings
– “entangling alliances”
– “factions”
• Democratic Republicans
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Election of 1796
• John Adams, Federalist candidate
• Thomas Jefferson, Democratic Republican
candidate
• John Adams won Presidency
• Thomas Jefferson won Vice-Presidency
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Troubles with France,
1796-1800
• France breaks off relations because of Jay’s
Treaty
• XYZ Affair
• France vs. U.S. in the Caribbean
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Crisis at Home,
1798-1800
• Federal property tax
• Alien and Sedition Acts
– William Duane of the Philadelphia Aurora
– Matthew Lyon
• Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Politicians and the Army
• Federalists implemented request that
Congress create standing army
• Adams becomes suspicious of Hamilton and
“High Federalists”
• Adams negotiates peace with France
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Election of 1800
• Many believe Federalist using war with France to
impose their rule and destroy opposition
– Alien and Sedition Acts
– Federalist military buildup
– Crushing of Fries Rebellion
• Democratic-Republicans--Thomas Jefferson and
Aaron Burr
• Federalists: John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney
• Result: Jefferson and Burr tie
• Congress chooses Jefferson
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Jeffersonians in Power:
The Republican Program
• Plea for unity, “we are all Republicans,
we are all Federalists”
• Jefferson’s “wise and frugal
government”
• Simplified social tone of administration
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Cleansing the Government
• Reduced size and expense of government
• Substantial cuts in military
• Jefferson dismantled repressive apparatus of
Federalist state
• Reduced government expenditures and debt
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Jeffersonians and the Courts
• Jefferson distrusted Federalists controlled
Judiciary
• John Marshall
• Judiciary Act of 1801 and the “midnight
judges”
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Impeachments of Pickering
and Chase
• John Randolph
• John Pickering
• Samuel Chase
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Justice Marshall’s court
• Marbury v. Madison (1801)
– William Marbury
– judicial review
• Burr’s trial for treason
– Burr kills Hamilton in a duel
– Burr’s conspiracy and trial
– Marshall acquits Burr
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Louisiana
• Purchase of Louisiana Territory from
France, 1803
• New Orleans
• Dilemma for Jefferson: he had no
constitutional power to buy the territory, but
offer could not be refused
• Jefferson easily reelected in 1804
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Republic and the Napoleonic
Wars, 1804-1815
• Napoleon Bonaparte declared war on Great
Britain, 1803
• 11-year war dominated national politics of
the United States
• Americans wanted neutrality
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Dilemmas of Neutrality
• Britain’s Essex Decision (1805)
• Congress retaliates with Non-importation
Act
• Napoleon’s Berlin and Milan Decrees
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Trouble on the High Seas
• Impressment and naval seizures
– 6000 Americans impressed by British
– Chesapeake Affair
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Embargo
• Embargo Act (1807) – peaceable coercion
• Embargo hurt American commerce
– 1807-1808, exports dropped from $108 million to $22
million
– Unemployment in port cities
• James Madison, elected President, 1808
• Federalists gain ground in some states
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Road to War
• Non-Intercourse Act (1809)
• Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The War Hawk Congress,
1811-1812
• Democratic Republicans divided
• War Hawks
– Henry Clay
– John C. Calhoun
• Madison sends list of grievances against
Britain
• Close vote, but war declared against Britain
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
War Hawks and the War of 1812
• War Hawks declared war to defend:
– Sovereignty
– Western territory
– Maritime rights of United States
• Invasion of Canada
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The War with Canada,
1812-1813
• Detroit
– William Hull
– Isaac Brock
• Queenston Heights
• Canada saved
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Tecumseh’s Last Stand
• Red Stick Creeks
– Fort Mims Massacre
• Put-in-Bay (1813)
– Oliver Hazard Perry
• Battle of the Thames (1813)
• Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The British Offensive, 1814
• British burn Washington D.C.
• Francis Scott Key
– “Star Spangled Banner”
• British offensive in Great Lakes stalls
• Andrew Jackson
– Battle of New Orleans (1815)
– Gives U.S. national pride and a national hero
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Hartford Convention
• New Englanders felt victimized by
Democratic Republican trade policies
• New England congressmen had voted
against going to war
• British continue to trade with New England
• Talk of Federalist New England secession
• Federalists called Hartford Convention,
1814
• Hartford Convention demands drowned out
by end of war and New Orleans victory
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
The Treaty of Ghent
• British defeat Napoleon
• War reached a stalemate
• By 1814, both sides withdrew their
demands to end the war
• U.S.- Canadian border remained as it was in
1812
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved
Conclusion
• Federalist power grab thwarted
• Jefferson’s yeoman farmer dream shattered
• Republican congress - headed towards a
market society and capitalist democracy
(c) 2003 Wadsworth Group All rights reserved