Download Chapter 23 - Effingham County Schools

Chapter 23
From Isolation to Imperialism
Three reasons the U. S. moved
from isolation to imperialism.
• Economic growth
• Military growth
(strong army and
navy were needed to
protect economic
interests)
• Anglo-Saxon –
superiority
The White Man’s
Burden
Key Concepts:
• Interest in global affairs centered mostly
on economics – U.S. began to export more
than it imported
Reasons for disinterest:
– Believed America was unique and did not
like the aristocratic/decadent society of
Europe
– Lingering attitudes from previous wars
(Revolution, Napoleonic Wars)
– Resentment of attitudes toward U.S. during
Civil War
– Europe posed no threat to U.S militarily
Large Policy (coveting
colonies)
– 1867 U.S. purchased Alaska from Russian
(7.2 Million)
– 1867 acquired Midway Islands
– Secretary of State William Seward –
interested in Cuba and Hawaii
– Congress rejected a treaty to annex
Dominican Republic
Alaska and Hawaii
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“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
Darwin’s Theory and foreign
policy
– John Fiske – democracy – the “fittest”
system – destined to spread worldwide
– Josiah Strong – (1885) racist and
religious justifications – spread Anglo-Saxon
values
Empire in the Pacific –
– Trade was open to China – Missionaries
(U.S. continued with ban on Chinese
immigration)
– Japan opened to trade by Commodore
Perry
– Hawaii important way station in the Pacific
Commodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry
Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905
Hawaii
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Decedents of missionaries became sugar planters and
dominated the islands
1875 agreement allowed duty free sugar to US. – Hawaii
agreed not to give any foreign power control of the
islands
U.S. gained naval base at Pearl Harbor
U.S. used base to gain foothold in Samoan Islands
1891 Queen Liliuokalani – became Queen and
attempted to rule as absolute monarch
Queen deposed with help from U.S. Navy – new
government asked for annexation with U.S.
Annexation was first rejected because the people of
Hawaii objected –
Hawaii annexed after war broke out with Spain
(feared other powers might take control
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!
Latin America
– More interested in Latin America because of
economic interest – location – Monroe
Doctrine
– U.S. insisted on “policing” problems in Latin
America
Cuban Revolution
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Cuba – Spanish colony – 1895 –Cubans began a revolt
Spanish military (Weyler) used brutal tactics to put down
revolt (concentration camps)
U.S. supported Cuban rebels
U.S. had $50 million investment in sugar plantations
Yellow journalists exaggerated the horrors of the revolt
(Pulitzer and Hearst)
U.S.S. Maine sent to protect American interests – explosion
killed 260 crewmen
McKinley opposed intervention
The de Lôme Letter
The U.S.S. Maine
“Yellow Journalism”
“You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war William Randolph
Hearst
Frederic Remington’s
Disrobing Propaganda
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Remember the Maine and to Hell with
Spain!
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Slide Analysis: Headline of the Maine
Explosion
• Why was the Maine
sent to Havana?
• Does this image
accurately depict
what happened to the
ship?
• What was the result
of this incident?
• Based on the most
recent evidence, what
was the most likely
cause of the
explosion?
Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?
2/17/1898 New York World
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Valeriano Weyler’s
“Reconcentration” Policy
“Splendid little war”
• “Splendid little war” - 1898 Congress authorized
military to drive the Spanish out of Cuba
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Teller Amendment – stated that U.S. would not annex
Cuba to the U.S.
Admiral Dewey ordered to attack Spanish in
Philippines – sank Spanish fleet in the harbor –
additional forces quickly defeated Spanish in Manila
T. Roosevelt led the Rough Riders
Army had 200,000 volunteers – poorly organized
Spain defeated – agreed to leave Cuba
Spain agreed to treaty that gave U.S. Guam and Puerto
Rico
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Background:
USA
Cuba
The Philippines
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Meanwhile in Cuba….Rough
Riders…
Who were the Rough Riders? Who was their leader?
•Teddy Roosevelt resigns as
Asst Sec. of the Navy to lead
Rough Riders in Cuba
•Rough Riders—a volunteer
cavalry
What famous battle did they participate in?
•Battle of San Juan Hill
•African Americans also helped
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spanamwar1898.pdf
The
“Rough
Riders”
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Spain and the Philippines
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U.S. had great interest in keeping the Philippines
Minority objected to overseas colonies (Twain, Gompers, Jane
Addams)
Anti-imperialist – insisted that Philippines would never
become a state – and it was unconstitutional to annex them
(our Declaration of Independence would not allow annexation
with consent of inhabitants)
McKinley’s problem 1) he could not give it back to Spain 2) no
alternative to annexation 3) did not believe that Filipinos could
govern themselves
McKinley gave in - bought Philippines for $20 million
Philippines fight for
Independence
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Led by Emilio Aquinaldo – fought guerilla war
American military accused of war atrocities
(tortured prisoners, concentration camps, property
destroyed)
McKinley recommended independence (in the
future)- after election of 1900 – set up military
government
Philippines remained under U.S. control with limited
self- government – will not gain full independence
until the 1930’s
EMILIO AGUINALDO, 1869-1964
1899 led Philippine-American War
for freedom from U.S. He lost.
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Cuba
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Military government remained in control for short
period
U.S. modernized sugar production, improve school and
sanitary conditions
Platt Amendment –
Authorized U.S. to intervene when necessary- to protect life,
liberty, and property in Cuba
Cuba had to promise not to make treaties with foreign nations
Had to give U.S. a permanent naval base – Guantanamo
1902 Cuba given independence
Senator
Orville Platt
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The Imperialist Tailor
The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.
The U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the
Philippines.
The U. S. becomes
an imperial power!
U.S. and the Caribbean and
the Roosevelt Corollary
– became protector to the Caribbean
– Most countries extremely poor, poor
education and health care, underdeveloped
and politically unstable.
The Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately require
intervention by some
civilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere the
adherence of the United
States to the Monroe
Doctrine may force the
United States, however
reluctantly, in flagrant
cases of such wrongdoing
or impotence, to the
exercise of an
international police power .
Roosevelt Corollary
Big Stick Diplomacy; ”Speak softly but carry a big stick”
Be prepared to use force to get your way.
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Panama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in 1904)
-Why was constructing a canal so important that the U.S. government sponsored a
coup?
-How did the Colombians react?
-How might this policy have influenced perceptions of the United States throughout
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
Key Concepts:
• On to the war to end all wars……