Download Manifest Destiny

Section
Chapter
5
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Objectives
• Explain why and how Americans migrated
westward in the mid-1800s.
• Analyze the causes and results of the Texas
war for independence.
• Trace the effects of the Mexican-American
War and the California Gold Rush on the
United States.
Destiny Growth
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Terms and People
•
expansionists – Americans who favored
territorial growth
•
Manifest Destiny – the idea that the United
States was destined to own most of all of North
America
•
Oregon Trail – route taken to Oregon by
westward settlers through the Rockies’ South Pass
•
Alamo – a battle at a small former mission in
San Antonio in which Mexican troops killed all of
its defenders
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Terms and People (continued)
•
James K. Polk – an expansionist Democrat elected
President in 1844
•
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – treaty signed in
1848 ending the Mexican-American War; gave the
U.S. New Mexico and California, and secured the Rio
Grande as the border of Texas
•
Gadsden Purchase – 29,640 square miles
purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853
•
California Gold Rush – a mass migration of
Americans who hoped to find gold in California
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What were the causes and effects of
territorial expansion?
Americans had a long history of looking westward
for opportunity. By the 1840s, many had gone all
the way to Oregon and California.
This growth led to prosperity as well as war with
Mexico and increasing sectional tensions.
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In 1830, America included
the east coast states, the
Louisiana Purchase and
Florida.
Those who wanted to add New
Mexico, Texas and California
were known as expansionists.
• Manifest Destiny stood for the belief that the U.S.
was destined to own most or all of North America.
• Expansion would come at the expense of Native
Americans and Mexicans.
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People began
moving westward
on different trails
over the Rockies.
One of the best
known trails for
westward bound
families was the
Oregon Trail.
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The Oregon Trail
TheTechnology
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Over a quarter million Americans settled on
the West Coast between 1840 and 1860.
They completed
this dangerous
five-month
journey in wagon
trains.
Native Americans were bound by the
1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie to avoid the wagon train trails.
This rule interfered with their practice of pursuing buffalo.
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A war with Mexico
began with a
conflict in Texas.
Americans moved to Texas
starting in the 1820s and
agreed to be Mexican citizens
for cheap land.
Tensions arose and in 1836, Texas declared its
independence.
Mexican forces attacked a Texan garrison at the
Alamo, and killed all of its defenders.
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The rallying cry
“remember the Alamo!”
helped Texan forces
defeat Santa Anna’s
army at the Battle of
San Jacinto.
Despite the victory,
a border war went on
between Mexico and
Texas for many years.
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Sam Houston was elected President of the
Republic of Texas and asked the U.S. to annex
it.
James K. Polk was elected president in 1844 and
favored annexing Texas.
It entered the Union in 1845. Polk stood behind the
Texan claim to land up to the Rio Grande. This
angered Mexico.
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Polk sent troops
to occupy the
contested border
and violence
broke out.
Congress declared
war with Mexico in
1846.
The U.S. won every
major battle in the
one-sided war.
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When the U.S. Army marched 200 miles and
captured Mexico City in 1847, the war ended
with a complete American victory.
• Peace was declared with the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo.
• The Rio Grande became the
southern boundary of Texas.
• More land was added to the
U.S. in the 1853 Gadsden
Purchase from Mexico.
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In early 1848, gold
was discovered in
California.
News spread and
80,000 Americans
headed west as part of
the California Gold
Rush.
Another 25,000 people
migrated from China to
California.
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Miners had a hard life in California.
They used picks, pans, and shovels.
Large scale mining operations with
machinery overtook the rougher
by-hand methods.
The gold rush caused many Native Americans to be
killed or to lose their land.
Mexican Americans also lost their land.
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California applied for statehood in 1849. It
wanted to enter the Union as a free state in
which slavery was banned.
The admission of California
would tip the balance of
15 free and 15 slave states.
In this way, the U.S. victory
over Mexico led to growing
conflict between North and
South.
TheTechnology
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