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Section
Chapter
Section
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Ch7: Nationalism and
Sectionalism
1812-1855
Industry
and Transportation
The Cold
War Begins
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How did transportation developments
and industrialization affect the
nation’s economy?
New technology changed the way Americans
lived and worked.
The United States was set on a course of
industrialization.
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The major settlements in the U.S.
originally developed along the rivers and
harbors of the Atlantic coast.
Water was the
most efficient
way to move
people and
goods.
Overland
transportation
by horse drawn
wagon was
expensive.
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Moving freight a
few dozen miles by
land cost as much
as shipping the
same items across
the ocean.
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States
chartered toll
roads called
turnpikes.
• Profits were supposed to be
used for road improvements
but most roads remained in
poor condition.
• Few turnpikes made a profit
or really improved the cost
or speed of transportation.
• An exception was the
National Road. This route
extended from Maryland to
the Ohio River in 1818.
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Water travel was revolutionized
by the steamboat.
In 1807, the first practical steamboat
began sailing from
New York City.
Steamboats shortened a
trip up the Mississippi
to mere days.
Inventor Robert Fulton
and his Clermont
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Canals linked farms and cities.
In 1825, the 363-mile Erie Canal connected
Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
Shipping costs between
Buffalo and New York
City plummeted from
$100 to $4 per ton.
The resulting rise in
commerce pushed New
York City’s population
to 800,000 by 1860.
Now linked to markets in the East,
Midwest farmers experienced
tremendous growth.
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Introduction
of railroads
provided the
most dramatic
transportation
growth.
• The first railroads
started in Britain in the
1820s.
• The United States had
13 miles of track in
1830 and 31,000 miles
by 1860.
• A trip from Detroit to
New York City that took
28 days in 1800 took
just 2 days by train in
1857.
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Major Canals, Roads, and Railroads, 1840-1850
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In the 1700s, British factories began using
machines powered by water to spin thread or
weave cloth. This was the start of the Industrial
Revolution.
Britain tried to prohibit the
export of industrial
technology.
In 1793, Samuel Slater, an
English emigrant, built a waterpowered mill from memory in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
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The Industrial Revolution soon
transformed the American economy.
Several mills used the family
system that employed
parents and children who
lived in a company-owned
village.
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In the 1820s, F.C. Lowell built
his factory town of Lowell,
Massachusetts.
He employed young single
girls from area farms.
Lowell girls
lived in closely
supervised
boarding houses
with strict rules.
After several
years, most
married.
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Technology changed how people worked and lived.
Work was divided
into small tasks,
reducing the level
of skill or training
needed for many
jobs.
Factory owners
profited because
unskilled workers
were more
numerous and
could be paid
less.
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In some
industries,
owners profited
by dividing labor
even without
using new
machines.
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• Rather than a skilled artisan
making a single clock or
musket, workers made
individual components that
were later assembled.
Interchangeable
parts improved
efficiency.
• Eli Whitney produced
muskets with standardized
parts. A component from
one gun fit any other gun.
• Elias Howe and Isaac Singer
also used interchangeable
parts to build sewing
machines.
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In 1837 Samuel F.B. Morse
revolutionized communications with
his invention the electric telegraph.
• The telegraph sent electrical pulses
along metal wires.
• “Morse Code” used dots and dashes to
instantly send information for miles.
• By 1860, the United States had
50,000 miles of telegraph line.
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Agriculture remained America’s chief industry
but innovations made farms more productive.
New methods
More efficient ways to plant, tend, and
harvest crops and raise livestock.
New
inventions
John Deere’s steel plow and Cyrus
McCormick’s mechanical reaper helped
double farm productivity by 1860.
New
farmland
More fertile farms in the Midwest raised
production..
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How did the North and the South differ
during the first half of the 1800s?
Industrialization occurred mainly in the
Northeast while cotton production deepened
the South’s dependence on slavery.
These two geographical regions developed in
different ways, creating a complicated
political environment.
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U.S. government policies contributed to the
growth of American industry in the early 1800s.
• With the supply of British goods cut off, American
industry grew during the 1807 embargo and
War of 1812.
• The Tariff of 1816 protected
American industry.
• The tariff inflated prices. This
profited manufacturers but was
costly for farmers.
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In the early
19th century,
the North
embraced
industry.
• Factory owners had
access to money for
investment called
capital.
• Immigrants provided
inexpensive labor.
• Swiftly flowing rivers
provided cheap power.
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Early
attempts
to force
employers
to raise pay
through
strikes
seldom
succeeded.
• The Lowell girls were
forced to accept pay cuts
when their protests failed
in 1834 and 1836.
• Factory owners frequently
turned to sympathetic
judges for assistance.
• A New York court convicted
twenty tailors of conspiracy
for forming a union in
1835.
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The industrial revolution brought about
the emergence of a middle class.
• The middle class was made up of managers,
clerks, accountants, and retailers, who worked
in offices outside the home.
• The middle class was economically above
laborers but below business owners.
• They moved away from the crowded city, which
led to socially segregated neighborhoods.
• Middle class women began to stay at home.
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Immigration changed America’s urban
population beginning in the 1840s.
Most immigrants came to Northern cities.
Few went to the South.
Immigration grew from 600,000 per year in the
1830s to 2,800,000 per year in the 1850s.
Prior to 1840, most immigrants were English or
Scottish. After 1840, a larger percentage were
Irish or German.
The Irish arrived following a potato famine.
The Germans came due to a failed revolution,
famine, and depression.
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For the first time, many immigrants
were Catholic or Jewish.
Many Protestants distrusted the Catholic
Church and resented immigrants as
competitors for jobs.
Nativist politicians in the new Whig Party
campaigned against immigration and
immigrants.
In response, most Catholic and Jewish
immigrants joined the Democratic Party.
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Most immigrants
became urban
laborers, though
some set up
businesses or
moved to the
Midwest.
• The rapid influx of people
caused social, economic
and political strains in
cities.
• Various immigrant groups
and free Blacks competed
for jobs and housing in
shabby neighborhoods.
• This competition led to
riots in Philadelphia in
1844 and in Baltimore
in 1854.
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The Founding Fathers had hoped that
slavery would gradually fade away.
Slavery continued.
Three developments
caused cotton
production to surge,
making slavery very
profitable in the
Deep South:
• The invention of
the cotton gin
• The expansion of
cotton production
westward
• A huge demand for
cotton due to
industrialization
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In 1793, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin,
making it easier to separate the seeds from the
cotton fibers and turning cotton into the major
export of the
American South.
Between 1793 and 1820,
cotton production rose from
5 million to 170 million
pounds a year.
Planters expanded or built
new cotton plantations
throughout the south.
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Whitney’s cotton gin
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“King Cotton” soon accounted for half the value of
all U.S. exports.
Importation of slaves was abolished
in 1808, causing a huge increase
in the cost of a slave from $600 in
1802 to $1,800 in 1860.
The slave population grew from
1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million
in 1860.
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Dependence on “King Cotton” greatly
limited the economy of the South.
• Fluctuating prices led to bankruptcies
in bad years and high profits in others.
• Few immigrants were attracted to the
South.
• The South failed to develop the
commercial towns common in
the Northeast and Midwest.
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As the North’s urban population grew, the
South lost political power, especially in the
House of Representatives.
Southerners feared that Northerners would
threaten their investment in slavery.
Little was done for poor whites. Illiteracy was
three times the rate in the North.
Southerners rationalized that slavery was a
positive that Christianized and helped Africans.
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• In 1860, only one in four
southern families owned
slaves.
While the South
defended slavery,
slaveholders
were actually a
small minority.
• Three fourths of the families
who did own slaves owned
fewer than ten.
• Only a small aristocracy of
3,000 wealthy planters
owned 100 or more slaves.
• The typical slaveholder lived
in a farmhouse and worked
beside his four or five slaves.
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If so few
benefited from
slavery, why
did Southerners
defend the
slave system?
• Most aspired to acquire slaves
and a plantation.
• Southern whites shared a
sense of racial superiority and
pride in their independence.
• Most believed that slaves were
better off than poor northern
factory workers.
• Most feared that freed blacks
would seek a bloody revenge.
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Jefferson, Madison, and Washington apologized for slavery
as a necessary evil. But by the 1850s, pro-slavery
Southerners defended slavery as a positive good.
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How did domestic and foreign
policies reflect the nationalism of
the times?
After the War of 1812, nationalism affected
economic and foreign policy and began to
create a sense of national identity.
Supreme Court rulings supported
nationalism by favoring federal power.
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Under President
James Monroe,
the Democratic
Republicans
enjoyed an
“era of good
feelings.”
The party backed nationalistic
economic policies that used
federal power to assist
business and industry.
This focus on business was a
change from the
government’s earlier support
of agriculture.
With so little political fighting,
some believed that political
parties might disappear.
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Henry Clay campaigned for a nationalistic
economic policy called the American System,
which included:
• high tariffs to protect industrial
growth.
• road and canal construction, called
internal improvements, to link the
different sections of the nation.
Clay believed the different regions
could work together for the prosperity
of the entire nation.
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Clay wanted reestablishment of a national bank
to control the nation’s money supply and banking.
The First National Bank’s charter expired in 1811.
Private and state banks were printing their own
money, causing widespread uncertainty in value.
Clay argued that control over the nation’s money
supply and banking would restore confidence.
As a result, Congress established the Second
Bank of the United States in 1816.
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The Supreme
Court continued
to strengthen
federal power
under Chief
Justice John
Marshall
In Dartmouth College v.
Woodward and Fletcher
v. Peck Marshall limited
the power of state
governments to
interfere with business
contracts.
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In
• The state of Maryland
McCulloch v. Maryland
tried to tax a branch of
(1819)
the Second National
Bank.
Marshall asserted
the superiority of federal
law over state laws.
• Marshall ruled that the
power to tax is the
power to destroy and a
state can’t use taxes to
destroy a bank created
by Congress.
• The ruling broadly
defined commerce and
the power of Congress
to control it.
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Paintings like Jasper Cropsey’s 1859 Autumn on the Hudson
celebrated the beauty of the wild American land.
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American
nationalism
was also
reflected in
the Monroe
Doctrine.
• President Monroe feared France
or Spain might interfere in nearby
South America.
• Monroe warned European
monarchies they had no business
in the Americas.
• In 1823 the United States was
incapable of enforcing the doctrine,
but it became a cornerstone of
American foreign policy.
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United States policy toward Florida
reflected nationalism.
In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded Florida
to fight the Seminole Indians who
harbored runaway slaves.
Madison’s Secretary of State John
Quincy Adams concluded the AdamsOnís Treaty by which the United States
purchased Florida from Spain.
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Despite nationalistic feelings, sectional
differences remained strong.
• In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slaveowning state.
• Acceptance would upset the balance between free
and slave-owning states in the U.S. Senate.
• A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price of
Missouri’s admission caused debate.
• The slavery debate worried many. Thomas Jefferson
likened it to a “fire-bell in the night.”
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Henry Clay
averted a
crisis with
the Missouri
Compromise
of 1820.
• Maine and Missouri
became states
together—one free,
the other slave.
• A line was drawn
across the territories;
any new state south of
Missouri’s southern
border would be slave,
anything north free.
Still, Southerners were worried. They blamed
the 1822 Denmark Vessey plot on the Missouri
debate.
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What changes did Andrew Jackson
represent in American political life?
In 1824, a new political party emerged,
signaling a shift in American culture. The
nation’s concept of democracy was changing.
The era became known for one towering and
controversial figure: Andrew Jackson.
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Four candidates ran for President in 1824.
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of
Massachusetts was the most experienced.
• A congressional caucus of Democratic Republicans
favored Georgian William Crawford.
• War hero Andrew Jackson of Tennessee and
Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky were seen as
Adams’ greatest competition.
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Jackson received the most
popular votes, but no
candidate won a majority
in the electoral college.
In the House of
Representatives,
Adams was selected
after Clay threw his
support behind Adams.
When
Adams
named Clay to be
Secretary of State,
Jackson angrily
called it a “corrupt
bargain” and started
preparing early to
defeat Adams
in 1828.
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Andrew
Jackson
won the
Presidency
in 1828.
Jackson symbolized the rise
of new democratic ideals
uniting city workers, western
settlers, and southern
farmers against privileged
“aristocrats.”
This combination came to
be known as “Jacksonian
Democracy.”
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Jackson’s
followers
called
themselves
“Democrats.”
• Under Martin Van Buren his
campaign was the first to be
run in a disciplined and
professional fashion.
• Opponents were replaced in
government jobs by
supporters, using what critics
called “the spoils system.”
• Jackson promised a weak
federal government but was
ruthless against anyone who
challenged his decisions.
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As the “People’s President,”
Jackson symbolized America’s
“get ahead” and “self-made” image.
Born poor in a log cabin, Jackson was orphaned
as a boy and wounded in the Revolutionary War.
As an adult, he ventured west, earned a fortune
as a lawyer and planter, and fame as an Indian
fighter, and he was the hero of the Battle of New
Orleans.
His inauguration was attended by a rowdy
crowd of common people.
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Most states became more democratic
in the Jacksonian era.
By 1836, every Popular elections
state except
were held for
South Carolina
selecting state
selected
and local
electors for the
officials.
President based
on popular
vote.
New state
constitutions
dropped
property
qualifications
for voting.
Participation in elections among white males rose from
less than 30% in the 1800s to nearly 80% in 1840.
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Conflict arose between
Native Americans and whites
In the Southeast, the “five civilized tribes”
adopted White American culture.
They ran newspapers, schools and churches and
elected officials under republican constitutions.
Settlers wanted Native land. Many believed
Indians to be inferior.
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Jackson
supported
Southerners
and
Westerners
over Native
Americans.
• With Jackson’s urging,
Congress passed the
Indian Removal Act of
1830.
• In 1832, Chief Justice
Marshall ruled that the
seizure of native lands
was unconstitutional.
• Jackson defied the ruling.
“Justice Marshall has
made his decision, now
let him enforce it.”
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The five
civilized tribes
were removed
from their
lands in the
East and sent
to “Indian
Territory” in
Oklahoma.
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In 1838, federal
troops made
16,000
Cherokee move
from the
Southeast to
Oklahoma.
At least 4,000
people died
on the
Trail of Tears.
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What major political issues emerged
during the 1830s?
Conflicts and crises during Jackson’s
presidency led to formation of a rival
political party called the Whigs.
In spite of this, Jackson’s handpicked
successor Martin Van Buren won in 1836
but lost to the Whigs in 1840.
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Tariffs were a
continuing
source of
dispute
between the
industrial North
and agricultural
South.
• In 1828, Congress passed a
high protective tariff.
• The goal was to promote
industry, but the tariff raised
the prices farmers had to pay
for goods.
• Southerners called it the Tariff
of Abominations.
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In 1832, South Carolina voted to nullify the
tariff. It threatened to secede from the Union
if force was used to collect the import tax.
• Vice President John C. Calhoun expected
Jackson to reject the tariff. Instead, Jackson
only modified it slightly.
• Calhoun resigned as Vice President in protest
to lead the nullification battle in the Senate.
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Resolution of the Nullification Crisis of 1833
Jackson, a
Democrat,
normally
supported
southern
states, but
he strongly
rejected this
challenge to
his authority
and to the
Union.
Economic
nationalists
like Daniel
Webster
rejected the
concept of
nullification.
Congress passed
a
Force Bill
authorizing
troops to enforce
collection.
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In a
compromise,
Congress
lowered the
tariff. The
issues of
nullification
and secession
were left
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Despite his opposition to nullification,
Jackson generally supported the
agricultural South.
• His ideal was an agrarian republic where all white
men owned farms and enjoyed rough equality.
• Industrialization and the growing class of wage
earning factory workers made his ideal unrealistic.
• The expanding gap between rich factory owners
and poor workers became troubling to many
Americans.
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The Second National Bank divided Americans.
Jacksonian Democrats
• felt the National Bank
symbolized
“money power.”
Business Leaders
• believed the new business
economy encouraged
corruption.
• opposed policies they felt
•
believed the National
Bank was necessary to
maintain a stable
supply of currency.
enriched business at the
expense of farmers and
workers.
In 1832, Congress voted to renew the Bank’s charter.
Jackson vetoed the charter renewal.
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Presidential vetoes were rare. Bank supporters
denounced Jackson as a power-hungry tyrant and
formed a new political party, the Whigs.
The Whigs were led by Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts and Henry Clay of Kentucky.
Whigs favored a strong federal government, broad
interpretation of the Constitution, protective tariffs,
internal improvements, and moral reform.
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Andrew Jackson,
while stressing
democracy for the
common man, was
seen as a tyrant
by those who
crossed him.
They referred to
him mockingly as
“King Andrew.”
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• Martin Van Buren of New
York, Jackson’s handpicked successor, won
the election of 1836.
Jackson’s
economic
policies led
to disaster
for the next
president.
• With no federal banks,
state banks flooded the
market with currency,
causing extreme
inflation.
• The government stopped
accepting paper money
for land purchases,
leading to a sudden drop
in land values.
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The resulting Panic of 1837 became the worst
depression the nation had yet experienced.
• Inflation
caused by the state banks
hurt common people.
• The
drop in land values led to
bankruptcies. Many planters and
farmers
lostoftheir
land.
• A third
urban
workers lost their jobs
and wages dropped by 30%.
The Panic hurt Van Buren
and the Democratic Party.
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In 1840, the Whigs nominated
William Henry Harrison and John Tyler.
• Harrison was portrayed as a simple farmer, born
in a log cabin, while Van Buren was painted as an
ineffective, corrupt aristocrat.
• The slogan “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too”
reminded voters of Harrison’s
military record.
Harrison’s victorious 1840 campaign
focused on symbols like his log cabin
background, seen in this flag.
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One month after his inauguration,
President Harrison died of pneumonia.
Vice President John Tyler assumed
the Presidency and, to the dismay of
the Whigs, rejected their policies.
Tyler vetoed legislation to
restore the National Bank
and to enact Clay’s
American System.
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