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What were the 4 underlying causes of
World War I?
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
What term means pride in your
country?
Nationalism.
What term means when a country
takes over a weaker country either
economically or politically?
Imperialism. European countries had
colonies throughout Asia and Africa
before World War I. There was
competition between countries to get
more colonies which led to tension.
What term refers to when a country
builds up its military?
Militarism. Remember the RISK
example. When one nation starts
building up its army then others rush
to do the same thing.
What is it called when a country has a
secret agreement to help another
country if the country gets in trouble?
Alliances.
Who was in the Triple Entente?
Russia, France and Britain
Who was in the Triple Alliance?
Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
Who was Franz Ferdinand?
He was the Archduke of Austria who
was killed by a Serbian nationalist. He
was heir to the throne. His death was
the spark which caused the Great War.
When Austria-Hungary threatened
Serbia, Russia came to the aid of
Serbia. This caused Germany to
declare war on Russia. And the rest is
history.
What countries made up the Central
Powers during the Great War?
Germany, Austria-Hungary and the
Ottoman Empire
What countries made up the Allied
Powers during the Great War?
The major players were France, Britain
and Russia. After the Russian
revolution the Russians dropped out
of the war and the United States
joined this side.
What country did Germany invade
first?
Belgium
In what country did much of the
fighting take place in?
France
What was the importance of the
Battle of the Marne?
It ended Germany’s hope for speedy
victory in the West (France).
Where did most of the fighting
during the Great War take place?
In the trenches (France)
What was important about the Battle
of Verdun?
It lasted for over 10 months. Both
armies established trenches and were
unable to push the other out of their
trenches effectively. It was a stalemate
where neither side was able to gain
much ground.
What was the original position of the
United States regarding the war?
They were neutral. There were people
of German ancestry, Russian Jews
(Russia was an Allied nation and had
persecuted Jews) and Irish Americans
(disliked Britain) who wanted to help
the Germans. There were many
people who supported the Allies
because of their British ancestry.
What is propaganda?
Propaganda is when somebody
spreads ideas to hurt an opposing
cause or help a particular cause. The
Germans used propaganda to try and
get Allied soldiers to join the Central
Powers. The United States used
propaganda to get people on the
home front to support the war.
Examples include victory gardens and
Meatless Tuesdays.
How did Germans use submarines?
They attacked ships entering or leaving British
ports. They would sink ships without warning
the people first or checking the cargo because
they too vulnerable if they surfaced. Germany
helpd bring the United States into the war
when they sunk the Lusitania, a British
passenger cruise ship. 128 Americans were
killed. Germany said that these people had
been warned and were thus sailing at their own
risk. They later apologized for sinking the
Lusitania but the damage had already been
done.
What was the Zimmermann
Telegram?
This was a telegram from Germany to
Mexico. It proposed an alliance
between the two nations if the United
States declared war on Germany.
Mexico was to attack the United
States. They were also supposed to get
Japan to help the Central Powers.
Mexico would receive the lands it lost
in the Mexican Cession when the
Central Powers won the war.
Why was the Russian Revolution
important?
Czar Nicholas II was overthrown in
the Russian Revolution. U.S.
President Woodrow Wilson was much
more willing to be allied with the new
democratic government rather than
the Czar so he was more likely to join
the war.
Where did the American soldiers go
the fight?
“Over there”
What was the Selective Service Act?
It required all men from 21-30 years
old to register for the draft. The draft
required people to serve in the army.
Why were programs such as
-“Victory Gardens”
-“Wheatless Mondays”
-”Meatless Tuesdays”
heard in the United States during the
war?
There was a shortage of food in
Europe. Many farmers were serving in
the war. Much of the farmland had
been destroyed during the war so not
enough food was being produced.
What were liberty bonds?
Liberty bonds were used to gain
money for the war. Celebrities such as
Charlie Chaplin and Mary Pickford
tried to get people to buy bonds. The
money gained by the sale of bonds
was used by the government and the
people who bought the bonds would
be paid back a larger amount of
money at a later time.
What did women do in the war?
Women played a great role, especially
on the home front. They took the
jobs of soldiers who went to fight in
the war.
What was the second Russian
revolution?
Bolsheviks, led by V.I. Lenin
overthrew the new democratic
government of Russia and replaced it
with a communist government.
Who was John J. Pershing?
He was the leader of the American
Expeditionary Force. (AEF)
Who were the Harlem Hell Fighters?
The Harlem Hell Fighters were the
most famous African American
military unit in the war.
What is an armistice?
An agreement to stop fighting.
How many people died in the war?
10-13 million
How many Americans died in the
war?
50,000
What disaster killed many people after
the war was over?
An influenza epidemic
What were the Fourteen Points?
Wilson’s plan for peace after the war.
The goal was to prevent international
problems from starting another war.
What was self-determination?
One of Wilson’s key goals. It called
for national groups to have their own
territory and be able to set up their
own governments. Czechoslovakia,
Poland and Yugoslavia were created as
a result of self-determination.
What was the League of Nations?
Wilson called for a general association
of nations whose goal was to protect
the independence of all nations. The
United States Congress did not pass
the Treaty of Versailles so the United
States did not join the League of
Nations.
What were the goals for the treaty of
Versailles, the treaty which ended the
war?
Wilson wanted to achieve peace.
Europe wanted to punish Germany fo
the war. They wanted Germany to
pay reparations. (Pay for the cost of
the war.) They wanted Germany to
admit that the war was their fault.
They wanted to eliminate Germany’s
military. Germany was not invited to
the peace treaty. The Europeans got
their way on most points.
What did Americans think of the
Treaty of Versailles?
They thought it was too harsh.
Because of this, Congress ejected the
treaty and never joined the League of
Nations that Wilson helped to create.
What is Warren G. Harding known for?
He was President during the Teapot Dome Scandal.
He was not sure he was up to the job of president
and invited his friends (The Ohio Gang) to help him.
They were corrupt and took bribes. He died before
his term was up and was replaced by “silent” Calvin
Coolidge.
What was the role of the United States in
world politics after the Great War (World
War I)?
The U.S. was the leading economic and political
power after the war. It wanted peace but was
unwilling to keep the peace themselves. It instead
opted for a policy of isolationism and tried to avoid
getting involved in world affairs.
What do you know about the Soviet
Union?
The Soviet Union was formed from the previous
country of Russia. It was a communist country.
Communism is when all the wealth and property is
owned by the state. The United States feared
communism and this fear would lead to the Cold
War, but that is a story for another day. The
revolution was led by V.I. Lenin. The fear of
communism led to the Red Scare where anarchists
(people against organized government) and
communists (Reds) were discriminated against in
the United States.
What was the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
It outlawed war but made no means of keeping the
peace.
What was economic life like during WWI?
(late 1910’s)
Life was great. Factories were making large profits
producing war materials. Factories expanded.
Women replaced men in the factories. People
moved to cities. Farmers filled in for the lack of
farm goods being produced in Europe. They
borrowed money to expand so as to get even greater
profits.
What was economic life in the early
1920’s? (1920-1922)
Soldiers came back and took the place of women in
the factories. There was no demand for war
materials so factories struggled. Farmers no longer
had to supply Europe with goods. Prices for crops
went down and farmers struggled to pay off their
debts.
What was economic life like for most of
the 1920’s? (After 1922)
Factories shifted to producing consumer goods such
as cars, radios, electric refrigerators, etc. People
wanted these goods and bought them using
installment buying. They paid for some of the
goods and put the rest on credit. People bought
amazing amounts of goods this way. This spurred
on economic growth.
Describe Henry Ford’s automobile
business.
Henry Ford used the automated assembly line to
create the Model T. The automated assembly line
allowed Ford to build a car in 93 minutes. The price
of Model T’s dropped from $850 to $290 dollars.
The cars were black and boring but the average
person could afford one. The ripple effect of the car
industry was that 4 million people worked in jobs
related to the industry. Roads were paved,
restaurants and gas stations sprouted up and hotels
dotted the landscape. Cars allowed people to live in
the suburbs and work in the city.
What was happening to the stock market
in the 1920’s?
It was going up like crazy. People saw prices rising
and did whatever they could to take advantage of
the bull market (prices going up). They bought
stocks on margin which was when a person paid a
certain percentage of the stock and then borrowed
the money to buy the rest. If the price of the stock
went up people were able to get rich. This is what
was happening. People put all their savings into the
stock market. If the price of the stock went down,
the people who bought on margin would be in
serious trouble.
What were flappers?
Flappers were women who wore their hair bobbed
short, wore short dresses, smoked and drank.
Traditional people, especially in rural areas looked
upon these people as trouble. They helped women
to gain a better role in society.
What was prohibition?
Prohibition was due to the 18th Amendment. This
made the making and buying of alcohol illegal.
People broke this law like crazy. Bootleggers made
or smuggled alcohol in from other countries.
Speakeasies, or illegal bars, sprang up everywhere.
Organized crime developed to control the illegal
trade in alcohol. Government officials and police
officers were bribed so that they wouldn’t raid
speakeasies. The “noble experiment” was a failure
and prohibition was repealed with the 21st
Amendment.
What did the 19th Amendment do?
It allowed women to vote.
What was going on with movies in the
1920’s?
George Eastman and Thomas Edison made the first
moving picture cameras. The most popular actor
was Rudolph Valentino who starred in The Sheik.
The first “talkie” or movie with a soundtrack was
made in 1927. It was called The Jazz Singer. Seeing
movies was a popular form of entertainment and
helped to spread a similar culture throughout the
United States.
What role did radios play in the 1920’s?
They were sort of like televisions today. People sat
around them and listened to their favorite shows.
Radios helped to spread culture throughout the
United States.
What is a fad?
A fad is an activity that is very popular for a short
period of time. Flagpole sitting and dance
marathons were fads in the 1920’s.
What is Jazz?
Jazz was an extremely popular style of music in the
1920’s and is still listened to today. It combined
African rhythms and European harmonies. Cities
such as Chicago and New Orleans as well as Harlem
in New York City were the centers of jazz. Duke
Ellington was probably the most famous person
associated with jazz. The Charleston was a dance
associated with jazz.
What did Ernest Hemingway write?
He wrote A Farewell to Arms about a man’s disgust
with World War I.
What did Sinclair Lewis write?
He wrote Babbitt and Main Street. These took the
view of urban or city people looking at small town
America. It portrayed the traditional life there as
boring and dull.
What did F. Scott Fitzgerald write?
He wrote The Great Gatsby. He was a hero of
college students and flappers. He wrote about
people who partied all the time but who could not
find happiness.
What was the Harlem Renaissance?
Harlem, in New York City, was a center of African
American culture and pride. Jazz was huge here.
Langston Hughes wrote poems denouncing violence
toward African Americans. The Harlem Renaissance
was a rebirth in African culture.
Who were the popular heroes of the
1920’s?
When it came to sports Babe Ruth ruled. He hit 60
home runs in a season at a time when several teams
did not have that many home runs for the whole
team. His lifestyle embodied the Roaring Twenties.
He enjoyed all the entertainment opportunities.
Even more popular than Babe Ruth was Charles
Lindbergh. He flew solo from New York City to
Paris in The Spirit of St. Louis.
What was the Sacco and Vanzetti trial?
Sacco and Vanzetti were immigrants and anarchists.
They were brought to trial for murder and robbery.
They were convicted and killed although it was more
likely that they were killed for being anarchists and
immigrants than for committing the crimes. The
judge trying the case was openly biased against
them.
What was the Quota Act of 1921?
This limited immigration to the United States.
Immigration was open to a certain number of
people determined by the number of people from
that country already living in the United States. This
favored immigrants from Northern Europe and
basically shut many immigrants out of the United
States.
What was the Scopes Trial?
John Scopes was a science teacher in Chicago. He
taught Darwin’s theory of evolution. This was
against the law. He was convicted. This trial
attracted the best legal minds (Williams Jennings
Bryant was the prosecuting attorney and Clarence
Darrow was the defense attorney) and also the
attention of the country.
What was the Ku Klux Klan?
The KKK was started after the Civil War to terrorize
African Americans. Hatred toward immigrants led
the group to gain strength in the 1920’s. Now
Catholics, Jews and immigrants as well as African
Americans were targeted. They used hangings and
other means to terrorize. The KKK was able to gain
political influence in many states.
Who was Marcus Garvey?
African Americans were moving North to find jobs
and were facing a lot of discrimination. He formed
the Universal Negro Improvement Association to
help promote African American pride and unity.