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© Erin Kathryn 2014 • In 1808, James Madison was elected President. • At this time, Britain and France were at war. • Thomas Jefferson, the previous President, tried to keep the United States neutral during this war. • President Madison also wanted to stay neutral so that Americans could keep trading with Britain and France. • Unfortunately, conflicts between the United States and Britain made them enemies. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • Britain had a powerful navy. • British sailors worked on American ships because the Americans paid more money. • British soldiers often raided American ships in search of British sailors. • Sometimes they captured American sailors and forced them into the British navy. • This was called impressment. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • In 1810, a group in Congress wanted to go to war with Britain. • They called themselves War Hawks. • They were angry about impressment and the fighting between American Indians and settlers on the frontier. • The War Hawks believed that people in the British colony of Canada were supplying weapons to American Indians. • The U.S. government made treaties that promised settlers would be kept off of lands that American Indians lived on. • These promises were broken numerous times. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • Tecumseh, a Shawnee chief, wanted to unite all the American Indian nations west of the Appalachian Mountains. • Tecumseh believed that if the Indians united, they could keep settlers away. • American Indians from many nations had joined Tecumseh by 1811. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • Tecumseh and almost 1,000 of his followers lived near the Tippecanoe River in Indian Territory. • William Henry Harrison, the governor of this area, felt Tecumseh and his followers were a threat. • Harrison’s army and Tecumseh’s followers fought at the Battle of Tippecanoe. • After the battle, Tecumseh joined British allies in Canada. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • June 18, 1812- The United States declared war on Britain. • United States goals for the war: • Stop impressment • Keep British from helping American Indians • Drive the British out of Canada © Erin Kathryn 2014 • Most of the early battles took place near Canada. • The United States tried to invade Canada many times in 1812, but were unsuccessful. • The British and American Indians captured Detroit, a city near the Canadian border. • As the war continued, the United States started to win more battles. • Captain Oliver Hazard Perry was able to force British ships to surrender on Lake Erie. • As a result, the Americans recaptured Detroit and forced the British into Canada. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • September 11, 1814 • The Battle of Lake Champlain was an important victory for the United States. • This battle forced British commanders to retreat and return back to Canada. • The British had to abandon their plans to invade New York. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • In August 1814, the British attacked Washington, D.C. • While the British headed toward the White House, First Lady Dolley Madison did her best to collect important documents. • She saved papers and a famous painting of George Washington that hung in the White House. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • British forces burned the White House, the Capitol, and other buildings in Washington, D.C. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • After burning Washington, the British moved on to Baltimore. • The British used their ships to fire at Fort McHenry in Baltimore Harbor. • The U.S. Army stood strong and did not surrender. Francis Scott Key • Francis Scott Key watched this battle. In the early morning, Key saw the American flag flying over Fort McHenry, which inspired him to write a poem. • This poem became “The Star-Spangled Banner,” our national anthem. © Erin Kathryn 2014 • After fighting for two years, neither Britain or the United States was winning. • The agreed to end the war. • The Treaty of Ghent was signed in Ghent, Belgium. • It did not give any side new land. • The treaty returned things back to the way they were before the war. • Canada still belonged to Britain. © Erin Kathryn 2014 James Monroe • After the War of 1812, the United States wanted to keep European countries out of the Western Hemisphere. • President James Monroe warned European countries to stay out of North and South America. If they did, the United States would not get involved in fights between European countries. • This foreign policy became known as the Monroe Doctrine. • A doctrine is an official statement of policy. • The doctrine warned that if foreign countries did not follow this policy, the U.S. would act to protect the Western Hemisphere. © Erin Kathryn 2014