Download The Cold War begins 1945 -1948

1950’s & The Cold War
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
THE COLD WAR
1950’S
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The Cold War 19451991
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Cold War
• The Cold War was a time after WWII when
the USA and the Soviet Union were rivals
for world influence and a time when the two
powers built up their military and nuclear
weapons.
• NOT A SHOT WAS FIRED DURING THE
COLD WAR!
Two sides of Cold War
• NATO – North
Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• USA, France, Great
Britain, West
Germany
• CAPITALISM
• Warsaw Pact – pro
Soviet countries –
USSR, and all
countries controlled by
the USSR.
• COMMUNISM
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
YALTA (in the USSR)
Date: Feb 1945
Present: Churchill,
Roosevelt and Stalin
THE YALTA CONFERENCE
1. At the Black Sea resort city of Yalta in the
Soviet Union the “Big Three” discussed
the fate of Germany and the postwar
world.
2. Stalin favored a harsh approach because of
the devastation created by Germany. He
wanted to keep Germany divided into
occupation zones so that Germany would
never again threaten the Soviet Union.
3. When Churchill disagreed, Roosevelt
acted as a mediator between the two.
THE YALTA CONFERENCE OUTCOMES
• 1. An agreement to temporarily divide
Germany into four zones: American, British,
Soviet and French. (In time all zones would be
brought back together to reunite Germany)
• 2. Stalin agreed to “free elections” in Poland
and other soviet-occupied European countries.
• 3. Stalin agreed to join in the war against
Japan. (The US kept information about the
nuclear bomb from the Soviets)
• 4. The three leaders agreed to the creation of
the United Nations.
• 5. They agreed to meet again.
POTSDAM (Germany)
Date: July 1945
Present: Attlee,
Truman and Stalin
THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE
• 1. The same countries were present but
the leaders were different: USSR:
Stalin, USA: Truman, ENGLAND:
Attlee
• 2. They met at the city of Potsdam near
Berlin, Germany in July 1945.
• 3. Many of the things that Stalin agreed
to in the Yalta Conference he was not
keeping.
THE POTSDAM CONFERNCE OUTCOMES
• 1. Stalin refused free elections in Poland.
Truman wanted free elections in order to
spread democracy and stop communism.
• 2. Stalin wanted to take all of Germany’s
resources to pay for damages in Russia.
Truman wanted free trade and a strong
economy in all of Europe.
• 3. NO AGREEMENTS WERE MADE
BETWEEN NATIONS!
U.S. AIMS VERSUS SOVIET AIMS
IN EUROPE
• THE US WANTED TO:
• 1. Create a world in which
nations had the right of selfdetermination
• 2. Gain access to raw
materials and markets for its
own industries
• 3. Rebuild European
governments to ensure
stability and to create new
markets for American goods.
4. Reunite Germany, believing
that Europe would be more
secure if Germany were
productive.
• THE SOVIETS WANTED
TO:
• 1. Encourage communism in
other countries as part of the
worldwide struggle between
workers and the wealthy.
• 2. Rebuild its war-ravaged
economy using Eastern
Europe’s industrial
equipment and raw materials.
• 3. Control Eastern Europe to
balance U.S. influence in
Western Europe.
• 4. Keep Germany divided
and weak so that it would
never again threaten the
Soviet Union.
Iron Curtain –
A term used by
Winston Churchill
to describe the
separating of
Those communist
lands of East
Europe from the
West.
Improve your knowledge
• The Russians took very high casualties to
capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the
early occupation trying to take over all
zones of the city but were stopped by
German democrats such as Willy Brandt
and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the
Russians had to admit the Americans,
French and British to their respective
zones.
Berlin Wall
• Berlin is Germany’s capital
city.
• The Soviets built the wall to
keep communists from escaping
to the American sector.
Berlin
BerlinWall
Wall
Berlin blockade led to Berlin
Airlift
CURRENT PHOTOS A BERLIN
WALL
Wall torn down in 1989.
THE ARMS RACE DURING THE
COLD WAR
• The Soviet Union did not trust the United
States. The United States did not trust the
Soviet Union.
• In Early 1946 Stalin gave a public
speech announcing that
communism and capitalism were
incompatible and that another war
was inevitable.
• Each country began to build more and more
nuclear weapons.
Nuclear Missiles!
Marshall Plan
USA’s plan to send food,
blankets, fuel to Europe to
help them. AND to keep
them from turning
communist.
Marshall Plan
• The Marshall Plan,
officially, was the primary
plan of the United States
for rebuilding the allied
countries of Europe and
repelling communism
after World War II
• During that period some
$13 billion of economic
and technical assistance
was given to help the
recovery of the European
Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine in
March 1947 promised
that the USA “would
support free peoples who
are resisting”
communism.
This led to containment –
policy of containing
communism where it is.
Truman Doctrine
• The Truman Doctrine was an
American foreign policy
designed to contain
Communism by giving Greece
and Turkey economic aid.
• It stated that the U.S. would
support Greece and Turkey with
economic and military aid to
prevent their falling into the
Soviet sphere.
• The Doctrine shifted American
foreign policy towards the
Soviet Union
On March 12, 1947
• It is often used by historians as
the starting date of the Cold
War.
What is the United Nations?
United Nations
• International
Organization
where countries
try to find
peaceful
solutions
United Nations
• It has no army but uses troops from other
countries.
WHAT CAUSED THE COLD
WAR?
4 CAUSES
1. MUTUAL DISTRUST
• A. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 the
US tried to overthrow the government.
• B. During WWII Stalin was angry at the
US and Britain over the Second Front
created to defeat Hitler.
• C. The US hid information regarding the
Atomic Bomb from Stalin.
• D. After WWII Stalin took over Eastern
Europe and did not hold free elections.
2. Two Ideologies
• A. Communism and Capitalism are
opposites of each other.
• B. Communism wants state control of
everything.
• C. Capitalism wants people to control
everything – free elections, private
business ownership etc. . . .
3. The Arms Race
• A. The US and Soviet Union were always
building new and more powerful
weapons to see who had the most.
• B. The race to see who could put the first
man in space occurred at this time also.
4. Competition in the Third World
• A. The US and Soviet Union were each
trying to win the hearts and minds of
people in Asia, Africa, the Middle East
and Latin America.
• B. The USSR was trying to spread
communism and the US was trying to
stop them.
THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
China becomes communist.
1. During WW2 the US had supported Chiang Kaishek
against the communist leader Mao Zedong.
2. In 1944 a famine hit China, Chiang’s secret police
arrest people for no reason.
3. Mao Zedong and the Communists encouraged
peasants to learn to read and helped them to improve
food production
4. Between 1944 and 1947 China experience civil war.
During this time many of Chiang’s followers fled to
the island of Taiwan where they established the
People’s Republic of China.
5. Mao Zedong was free to rule China as a communist
country.
THE COLD WAR HEATS UP
KOREA becomes communist
1. When WW2 ended Japanese troops north of the 38th
parallel (in Korea) surrendered to the Soviets.
2. Japanese troops south of the parallel surrendered to
American troops.
3. In 1948 the Republic of Korea (S Korea) established
a government while at the same time the communists
formed the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in
the north led by Kim II Sung.
4. By 1949 the Soviets were sending North Korea tanks,
planes and money in an attempt to help the North
Koreans take over the entire peninsula.
THE KOREAN WAR
Domino Theory
Communism spreads like a disease
BRINKMANSHIP – all out total war short of nuclear war
Korea and Vietnam
• USA tried to contain
communism. In both wars,
communist troops fought
armies trained and funded by
the USA.
Communists
invaded
from the
north.
China sent a
million
troops to
help reds.
Korean War
• After the failure of the promise of Korean
independence by the Allied nations, on June
25, 1950, communist North Korean troops
invaded South Korea. Poorly armed, the
South Koreans were no match for the North.
The United Nations ordered North Korea to
withdraw its troops. General MacArthur
was appointed to command all UN troops in
Korea. After three years of fighting a
stalemate, more than 54,000 American
troops perished.
•
•
•
•
•
•
I want to talk plainly to you tonight
about what we are doing in Korea and
about our policy in the Far East.
In the simplest terms, what we are
doing in Korea is this: We are trying
to prevent a third world war.
It is right for us to be in Korea. It was
right last June. It is right today.
The best time to meet the threat is in
the beginning. It is easier to put out a
fire in the beginning when it is small
than after it has become a roaring
blaze.
And the best way to meet the threat of
aggression is for the peace-loving
nations to act together. If they don't
act together, they are likely to be
picked off, one by one....
Why can't we take other steps to
punish the aggressor? Why don't we
bomb Manchuria and China itself?
Why don't we assist Chinese
Nationalist troops to land on the
mainland of China?
How did the USA try to contain
communism?
Marshall Plan – helped countries
economically so they won’t go
red.