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UNITED STATES
HISTORY C
FINAL EXAM REVIEW
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN
LEADERSHIP
CONFERENCE (SCLC)
• Civil Rights organization founded in
1952 by Southern African American
ministers.
Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE)
• Civil Rights organization founded in
1942 who advocated equal rights and
change through peaceful protest
FREEDOM RIDES
• Civil Rights workers traveling on
interstate buses to protest
segregation at busing terminals and
to see if companies were abiding by
Supreme Court rulings.
SIT-INS
• Technique used by civil rights
workers who occupied a segregated
establishment and peacefully
demanded service
LYNCHING
• Murder of an accused person by a
mob without a trial
DEFACTO
SEGREGATION
• Actual or factual segregation
DEJURE SEGREGATION
• Legal or by law segregation
CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF
1964
• National law that banned racial,
ethnic, national or religious
discrimination in public places
VOTING RIGHTS ACT
OF 1965
• Enables more African Americans to
register to vote by banning literacy
tests and other practices at polling
places.
Roe v. Wade
• Legalized abortion based on the 9th
Amendment privacy rights.
POLL TAX
• Fee or tax paid to vote
AMERICAN INDIAN
MOVEMENT (AIM)
• Group that fought for Native
American treaty rights and selfgovernment
BLACK POWER
• The idea that African Americans
should unite and take pride in their
heritage
NATION OF ISLAM
• Founded by Elijah Muhammad to
teach self-help and separation to
African Americans.
Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Commission
(SNCC)
• Gave young people a voice in the Civil
Rights Movement.
MIGRANT WORKER
• Person who moves from farm to farm
planting and harvesting crops.
CESAR CHAVEZ
• Co-founder of the United Farm
Workers
DENNIS BANKS
• Chippewa activist and cofounder/member of AIM
PHYLLIS SCHLAFLY
• Conservative political activist who
opposed the feminist movement
GLORIA STEINEM
• Founder of Ms. Magazine which
publishes feminist themes.
ROSA PARKS
• Reused to give up her seat on a public
bus.
• Her arrest sparks the Montgomery
bus boycott.
BETTY FRIEDAN
• Author of the Feminine Mystique
Japanese-American
Citizens League (JACL)
• Group that worked to compensate
Japanese who were interned during
WWII
EQUAL RIGHTS
AMENDMENT (ERA)
• Constitutional law that would have
made discrimination based on one’s
gender illegal.
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
• Federal agency that is concerned
with air and water pollution.
National Organization
for Women (NOW)
• Organization that formed in the
1920’s to bring women into the
mainstream
FEMINISM
• Theory that men and women are
politically, socially, and economically
equal.
Boland Amendment
• Made it illegal for the CIA and the
Defense Department to aid the
Contras in Nicaragua
Sandinistas
• Marxist revolutionaries who took
control of the Nicaraguan
government.
TOWER COMMISSION
• Group that reported on the IranContra affair. They reported that
President Reagan knew about the
arms sales to Iran but not the
diversion of funds.
WHITEWATER
• Clinton real estate venture that goes
bankrupt
KEN STARR
• Independent prosecutor investigating
the Whitewater scandal.
JANET RENO
• Attorney General during the Clinton
Administration
Jim and Susan McDougal
• Friends of the Clinton’s
• Own Madison Guaranty Savings and
Loan that failed.
PERJURY
• False statements under oath
Robert MacFarlane
• National Security Advisor under
Ronald Reagan who is later pardoned
by George H.W. Bush.
MADISON GUARANTY
SAVINGS AND LOANS
• Financial institution with questionable
lending practices.
• Shutdown by the federal government
PARDON
• Official forgiveness of person for a
crime
SATURDAY NIGHT
MASSACRE
• Series of resignations and firings
during the Watergate investigation
INDEPENDENT
COUNCIL
• Appointed by a panel of federal
judges for investigative purposes.
CONTRAS
• Marxist revolutionaries who took
control of the Nicaraguan
government
DIRTY TRICKS
• Plan to discredit and to sabotage or
discredit Democrats or enemies of
Nixon.
IMPEACHMENT
• Formal charge of wrong doing by a
public official.
NEW RIGHT
• Coalition of conservative groups in
the 1970’s/1980’s producing several
electoral victories for the Republican
Party.
STRATEGIC DEFENSE
INTIATIVE
• “Star Wars”
• Massive Satellite shield to protect
the U.S. from ICBM’s.
OLIVER NORTH
• General responsible for making
arrangements from sale of arms to
Iran and diversion of funds to the
Contras in Nicaragua
ENEMIES LIST
• People on a list who were
unsympathetic to the Nixon
administration
TELEVANGELISM
• Religious conservatives who used
television to raise funds
AIDS
• Discovered in 1981
• Threatening disease that attacks the
immune system
ENTITLEMENTS
• Programs that residents of the U.S.
are “entitled” to.
• Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid
NEW FEDERALISM
• Reagan’s plan for giving more
responsibility to the states to run
social programs.
DOWNSIZING
• Cost-cutting technique used to cut
costs in the 1980’s
STRATEGIC ARMS
REDUCTION TREATY
(START)
• Reduction of long range nuclear
weapons between the USSR and the
U.S.
INF TREATY
• A 1987 agreement calling for the
destruction of 25,000 Soviet and
American missiles in Europe.
PERSIAN GULF WAR
• UN forces liberated Kuwait from
Iraqi invasion
SUPPLY-SIDE
ECONOMICS
• Reagan’s plan to cut taxes to make
the economy grow by putting money
in the hands of business.
OPERATION IRAQI
FREEDOM
• Operation that overthrows Saddam
Hussein
Taliban
• Ruling group in Afghanistan that
allowed al-Qaeda to train terrorist
groups.
OSAMA BIN-LADEN
• Leader of Al-Qaeda terrorist
network.
OPERATION JUST
CAUSE
• To arrest Noriega in Panama for drug
trafficking
ANWAR SADAT
• Leader of Egypt who signed the Camp
David Accords
MANUEL NORIEGA
• Ruler of Panama who is arrested by
the U.S. for drug trafficking
YASSIR ARAFAT
• Former leader of the PLO and leader
of Palestinian Authority.
• Dies in 2004
Dayton Agreement
• Agreement to end the conflict in
Bosnia
Kuwait
• Invaded by Iraq (1990) in attempt to
seize their oil.
DOME OF THE ROCK
• Muhammad’s “Night Journey”
• Built in 691
• Believed that Muhammad ascended to
heaven here.
NAFTA
• North American Free Trade
Agreement
• Agreement to eliminate tariffs
between North American countries.
WTO
• World Trade Organization
• Replaces GATT to resolve trade
disputes
SADDAM HUSSEIN
• 1979-2003 leader of Iraq
What is significant in the
Supreme Court case of
Plessy v. Ferguson?
• “Separate but Equal”
• Formally legalizes segregation
What did W.E. B. DuBois
encourages students to
seek in school? Why?
• A liberal arts education
• To reach economic equality in
professional careers.
Why was the NAACP
founded?
• To fight discrimination in the courts
What are three civil
rights issues of women in
the late 1800’s?
• Higher education
• Suffrage
• Active public role
What helped women take
their first step toward
public life?
• Rise of organized national women’s
groups.
Why does MLK target
Birmingham, Alabama for
demonstrations?
• The most segregated city in the
country
Where does President
Truman order the end of
discrimination after
WWII?
• Armed forces
Why does President
Eisenhower use the
Arkansas National Guard
in 1957?
• End discrimination by allowing school
integration through court orders
MLK, Jr. believed in what
kind of protest?
Non-violent protest
What did Freedom
Summer and the Selma
March call attention to?
Voting rights
What did the Warren
Commission declare?
• A lone shooter (assassin) killed JFK
What did several of the
decisions of the Warren
Court focus on?
• Individual rights
• Protecting the constitutional rights
of citizens accused of crimes.
What effect did the
Supreme Court decisions
on apportionment have on
society?
• Electoral districts had to be redrawn
to reflect “one person-one vote”
Name three frustrations of
women in the 1950’s/1960’s
• Post-WWII frustrations to return to
traditional roles
• Gender job discrimination
• Inability to pass a constitutional
amendment
Why did some women reject
the women’s movement?
• Preferred traditional or conservative
family roles of the wife and mother.
What prevented the ERA
from becoming law?
• Failed to be ratified in enough state
legislatures.
Review your Civil Rights
Leadership Chart and be
ready to identify the
leadership perspective on
African American rights and
what organization founded by
Booker T. Washington, W.E.
B. Dubois, Marcus Garvey,
Malcolm X, and Martin
Luther King Jr.
Who does President Nixon
the wiretaps on whose
phone?
• His staff
Because of the leak of
the Pentagon Papers,
Nixon orders the creation
of what White House
group?
• “The Plumbers”
What were the Watergate
burglars doing when they
were arrested?
• Wiretapping the phones of the
Democratic National Headquarters
in the Watergate Office Complex.
Why did President Nixon
have the special
prosecutors fired?
• Demanded the release of the
secret Oval Office tapes.
Why did President
Nixon resign?
• Faced impeachment
• Pressure to resign
What is considered the
most controversial action
of the Ford
administration?
• Pardon of Richard Nixon
What is the IranContra Affair?
• Secret operation to sell weapons to
Iran and to arm rebels in
Nicaragua
What was Reagan’ goal in
Nicaragua?
• To stop the spread of Marxism
(communism)
How did most Americans find
out about the United States
aiding the Nicaraguans?
• Plane shot down caring supplies and
the pilot told television cameras.
• By Oliver North at the Iran-Contra
hearings
Why was it illegal to sell
arms to Iran?
• U.S. had an embargo against Iran
because of the 1979 hostage crisis.
Where did the money
from the sales of arms to
Iran go to?
• Aid the contras in their revolution
against the Sandinistas.
What did the Tower
Commission determine?
• They reported that President Reagan
knew about the arms sales to Iran
but not the diversion of funds.
What effect did the
Iran-Contra affair have
on Reagan’s presidency
• Very little
• Ronald Reagan left the presidency
with one of the highest approval
ratings of any president since FDR
Why was President
Clinton impeached?
• Perjury
• Obstruction of Justice
What is the outcome of
President Clinton’s
impeachment?
• Impeached by the House of
Representatives but not removed by
the Senate
Why do Conservatives
criticize the New Deal and
the Great Society?
• Very costly
• Expanded the size of the government
What was the leading
factor into President
Carter’s defeat to
President Reagan in 1980?
• Iran-Hostages Crisis
What are the main goals
of President Reagan’s
presidency?
• Cut taxes
• Cut government regulation
• Cut the size of the federal
government.
During the Reagan
presidency, what part of
the budget saw an
increase in spending?
• Military
What do critics charge that
Reagan’s conservative
policies lead to?
• Larger gap between rich and the
poor.
How did the Soviet policies
of perestroika and glasnost
help bring an end to the Cold
War?
• Help cause the fall of communism in
Eastern Europe.
Why does George H.W.
Bush order the use of
force after Iraq invaded
Kuwait in 1990?
• To protect the flow of oil to the
West
Why did the Conservatives
join the American Liberty
League in the 1930’s?
• Oppose FDR’s New Deal programs
What post-WWII
presidents saw an increase
in the size of the federal
government?
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Truman
Eisenhower
JFK
Johnson
Nixon
Carter
Reagan
What does Ronald Reagan
do too many of Lyndon
Johnson’s Great Society
programs?
• Grew slightly, as cuts to programs
nearly equalled increasing numbers
of recipients.
What did Ronald Reagan’s
foreign policy call for?
• To take an active role against
stopping the spread of communism
During the Reagan
administration, what
happens to the federal
deficit?
• Rose dramatically
How did the United
States help Panama gain
its independence?
• Naval support
Why does the United
States invade Afghanistan
before Iraq?
• Taliban was allowing al-Qaeda to
operate in Afghanistan
What is another name for
the Panama Canal Treaty?
• Torrijos-Carter Treaty
Who was the president
when the Iranians took
Americans hostage?
• Jimmy Carter
Who helped negotiate the
release of the American
hostages in Iran?
• President Carter
How many U.S. casualties
did the Persian Gulf War
cause?
• Around 300 UN/US troops were
killed
• Iraqis lost tens of thousands
Which two countries
signed the Camp David
Accords in 1978?
• Egypt and Israel
Why did OPEC put an oil
embargo on the United
States in 1973?
• Because the U.S. sided and aided
Israel in the Yom Kippur War.
What country in the
Middle East do many Arab
countries believe shouldn’t
legally exist and is a root
cause of terrorism in the
1970’s?
• Israel
Where is the Sinai
Peninsula?
• Between Israel and Egypt
What are the major causes of
the rise of radical Islamist
movements in the past 50 years?
• Defeat of Arab nations in 1967
• Rise of secular dictators in the
1950’s-1970’s
• Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
• Persian Gulf War
Timeline A
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
13th Amendment (1865)
14th Amendment (1868)
15th Amendment (1870)
Compromise of 1877
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
W.E. B. DuBois organizes the Niagara
Movement (1905)
NAACP is formed (1909)
Formation of CORE (1942)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Civil Rights Act is signed (1964)
Baake v. University of California (1978)
Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
Timeline B
• Rosa Parks is arrested (1955)
• Montgomery Bus Boycotts (1955-6)
• JFK urges affirmative action be taken in hiring
minorities (1962)
• March on Washington (1963)
• Great Society programs (1964)
• MLK’s Poor People’s Campaign (1968)
• AIM leads standoff at Wounded Knee (1973)
• Richard Nixon resigns (1974)
• Ronald Reagan becomes President (1981)
• Republicans introduce the Contract of America
(1994)
UNITED STATES
HISTORY C
FINAL EXAM REVIEW