Download America Enters & Mobilizes for WWII

44. After the Greer was fired upon, the Kearny crippled, and the Reuben James sunk,
[A] Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act.
[B] Roosevelt told the public that war was imminent.
[C] the United States Navy began escorting merchant vessels carrying lend-lease shipments.
[D] Congress allowed the arming of United States merchant vessels.
[E] Congress forbade United States ships to enter combat zones.
Objectives
• How did American Foreign Policy Shift from
1939 to America’s entry into the war in 1941?
• What factors contributed to Japan’s decision
to attack Pearl Harbor? What impact did this
have on the United States?
• How did the U.S. mobilize for WWII on the
home front? What impact did this have on
various minority groups within the U.S.?
Getting Drawn into the War
• Fall of France-1940
• Battle of Britain
– Last Line of Defense
• Japanese threat to
American Economic
Interests in Region
• Japanese Aggression
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
U.S. Ramps Up Involvement in WWII
• U.S. Policy (1935-1939): Isolationism
– Neutrality Acts 1935-1937/Cash & Carry (1939)
• U.S. Policy (1940-1941): Intervention...?
– Destroyers for Bases (Spring 1940/FDR & Churchill)
• Made by Executive Agreement, not Treaty…why?
• Britain receives 50 old American destroyers in exchange for the right to build
American military bases on British owned territory in the west.
– Selective Service (1940)
• Following fall of France, Congress estbl. 1st Peacetime draft
• Roosevelt authorizes construction of 2 Ocean Navy
– Lend Lease Act (March 1941)
• Allows the U.S. to lend or lease arms (weapons) to any country considered “vital
to the defense of the U.S.”
• Roosevelt orders Naval Escorts; Arming of Merchant Ships…How? Why?
– Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941)
• Agreement between FDR and Churchill committing both nations to trying to
estbl. A post-war world of democracy, self determination, non-aggression
(disarmament), free trade, and internat’l. org.
Dec. 7, 1941:
Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor: The Attack
Japan: Rising Power =
Rising Tensions
• Souring Relations w/ U.S.
– Paris Peace Conference
• Racial Equality Clause
Rejected
– Discrimination/Segregation
in the United States
• Immigration Act of 1924/
Exclusion Act
• Acts of Aggression
– 1931 Overtakes Manchuria
– 1937 Invasion of E. China
– 1938 Mobilization Bill
– 1940 Tripartite Pact…Japan
joins Axis Powers
Japan: Expanding the Empire
• 1940: Japanese occupy
N. ½ of French
Indochina
• 1941—Non Aggression
Pact w/ USSR—Military
complete ctrl of govt.
• July 1941—occupy S. ½
of French Indochina
• Thus, Japanese decide
to invade Dutch East
Indies
• US applies economic
pressure
– Restrict sale on airplane
fuel/parts , & scrap iron
• U.S. offers Lend-Lease
Aid to China
• US freezes all Japanese
assets in U.S; oil
embargo
Why Attack Philippines, Guam, and Pearl Harbor?
Plans for Pearl Harbor: Dec. 7, 1941
• Purpose of Attack on Pearl
Harbor:
– Neutralize U.S. Pacific Naval
fleet; Prevent interference in
E. Asia
– Protect Oil from Dutch E.
Indies
– Destroy American Morale
– Philippines and Guam
• Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
• Continue Negotiations in
D.C. while planning attack
Results
• US Casualties
– 2,343 dead
– 1,272 wounded
– 960 missing
• Sank or damaged:
– 8 battleships, 3
cruisers, 4 destroyers,
164 aircraft
U.S.S. Arizona
“A date which will live in infamy”
Roosevelt Asks Congress for Formal Declaration of War
• America Declares war on Japan (Dec. 8, 1941)
• Germany and Italy declare war on US (Dec. 11,
1941)
Japan’s Rapidly Growing Empire
Increased Role of Government
• War Production Board (WPB). The WPB had the authority to
set priorities and production goals and to control the
distribution of raw materials and supplies.
• The Office of Price Administration was also established to
control prices, monitor inflation, and ration scarce products
essential for war making capabilities
• National War Labor Board imposed ceilings on wage
increases
• Smith Connally Anti-Strike Act authorized government to
seize and operate any “tied-up” industries
Mobilizing for War: Production
Mobilizing for War: Production
• War Production Board (WPB)-formed to efficiently
set production quotas on items needed for the war
Mobilizing for War: Rationing
http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5406.htm
Mobilizing for War: Rationing
Mobilizing for War:
Rationing/Food Production
Mobilizing for War: Food Production
Mobilizing for War: Enlistments
Mobilizing for War: Enlistments
Funding the War: War Bonds
Funding the War: War Bonds
Women and the War
Women and the War
14th Amendment
• “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall
make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or
immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State
deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction
the equal protection of the laws.”
Executive Order 9066:
Forced Japanese Internment
• Executive Order 9066
– Feb. 1942: Ordered the forced
relocation of Japanese
Americans on the west coast
into internment camps
– Apprx. 120,000 Japanese
Americans impacted
• 65% were American Citizens
• Korematsu v. U.S.
– Supreme Court justified the
executive order as a wartime
necessity.
• Show clip from “The War”
Japanese Internment
Japanese Internment in America
Jimmie Kayana
http://www.pbs.org/thewar/detail_5380.htm
Japanese Internment in Canada
• Sept. 1942
– 22,000 Japanese Canadians forcibly
evacuated
– Stripped of possessions, most only 24
hrs. notice; govt. auctions possessions
– Forced deportations
– Restrictions lasted until 1949
• Why were those of Japanese
descent interned in the U.S. &
Canada?
–
–
–
–
Attack on Pearl Harbor
National Security Threat?
Racism
Competitive in labor market (work for
low wages)
– Take land from whites
Looking Deeper at Internment
Austin Anson, the managing secretary of the Grower-Shipper Vegetable
Association, a farm organization, is quoted as saying:
We're charged with wanting to get rid of the Japs for selfish reasons. We
might as well be honest. We do. It's a question of whether the white man lives
on the Pacific Coast or the brown men. They came to this valley to work, and
they stayed to take over. They offer higher land prices and higher rents than
the white man can pay for land. They undersell the white man in the markets.
They can do this because they raise their own labor. They work their women
and children while the white farmer has to pay wages for his help. If all the
Japs were removed tomorrow, we'd never miss them in two weeks, because
the white farmers can take over and produce everything the Jap grows. And
we don't want them back when the war ends, either.
Impact of Relocation Camps on
Japanese Internees
• Most Japanese lost their homes, ancestral heirlooms, clothing and
furniture, land, and businesses before entering the camp, so their
long-term physical, emotional, economic, and social stability was
uncertain.
– Property loss: $1.3 billion; Net Income Loss: $2.7 billion
• Families were internally dislocated due to lack of privacy, eating in
mess halls in groups, and policies that divided them into so-called
"good" and "bad" internees.
• After the war, almost 6,000 Japanese Americans renounced their U.S.
citizenship to protest their treatment as American citizens during the
war.
• After the war, many found they could not return to their hometowns.
– Hostility against Japanese Americans remained high across the West
– Many towns displayed signs demanding that the evacuees never return.
Drawing Connections
• Read the article about Kristallnacht
• What similarities/differences exist between the events
surrounding Kristallnacht and the Japanese
Internment?
– What preceded each event?
– What was the result of each?
• Watch Fox New Clip on Profiling
– What connections can we draw between what’s being called
for in the clip and the Japanese Internment?
– Are these actions justified? Are (were) they necessary? Do
they conflict w/ our democratic principles?
– Eric Bolling Calls for Profiling against Muslims in America