Download Brinksmanship – the willingness to go to war in hopes

Brinkmanship
Secretary
of State
John Foster
Dulles
President
Eisenhower
1953-1961
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy
Brinkmanship: John Foster Dulles
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Mutual security agreements
Massive retaliation
M.A.D
*Domino Theory
CIA & covert operations
*Eisenhower Doctrine
“$ Diplomacy”
Eisenhower Doctrine
• In January 1957 made a speech in Congress where
Eisenhower recommended the use of American forces
to protect Middle East states against overt aggression
from nations "controlled by international communism".
He also urged the provision of economic aid to those
countries with anti-communist governments. This new
foreign policy became known as the Eisenhower
Doctrine.
• In April 1957 help was given to King Hussein who was
under threat from left-wing groups in Jordan. The
following year, 10,000 marines went to the Lebanon to
protect President Camille Chamoun from Muslim
extremists. These two cases created a great deal of
anti-Americanism in the Middle East and in 1959 it
was decided that the Eisenhower Doctrine should be
brought to an end.
1960s:Domino Theory
Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Middle East:
1953 CIA
sponsored coup in
Iran.
1956 Suez crisis
Latin America:
1948 OAS (organisation of
American States)
1954 CIA covert ops in
Guatemala
1950s Puerto Rican
independence movement
1959 Cuba- Castro &
Communist revolution
Europe
1958 Civil War in
Lebanon
Asia:
Korean War (ended 1953)
Vietnam ( 1954 French exit, US involvement)
Communist China
Brinksmanship – the willingness to go to war in hopes that the
opposing side will back down. This was justification for the
nuclear buildup during the Cold War.
End of Korean War – When Eisenhower was elected he
threatened to use nuclear weapons to end the war. The Chinese
and North Koreans agreed to the 38th Parallel.
Nikita Khrushchev – became the new Premier of the Soviet Union
after the death of Joseph Stalin.
Summit meeting – a proposed meeting between Khrushchev and
Eisenhower in Paris that never happened because the Americans were
caught lying about a U2 spy plane over Soviet airspace in 1959.
Military Industrial Complex – when Eisenhower stepped down
from the Presidency he warned not to let the ones who build
weapons have too much power in government.
•President Eisenhower’s willingness to threaten
nuclear war to maintain peace worried some people.
Critics argued that brinkmanship, the willingness to
go to war to force the other side to back down, was
too dangerous. The Korean War ended with the
signing of an armistice
in 1953.
•This came after Eisenhower had gone to
the brink & threatened to use nuclear weapons.
•The battle line became the border between
North Korea & South Korea.
•Although there was no victory, it had stopped
communism from spreading.
In 1954 China threatened to take over two of the islands from
the Nationalists in Taiwan. Eisenhower threatened the use of
nuclear weapons if China tried to invade Taiwan.
China retreated.
•Eisenhower wanted to prevent Arab
nations in the Middle East from aligning
with the Soviet Union.
•To gain support, the United States
offered to help finance the construction
of a dam on the Nile River for Egypt.
•Congress forced the United States to
withdraw the offer.
•Egyptians took control of the Suez
Canal to use its profits to pay for the
dam.
•British and French troops responded by invading
the Suez Canal. Soviets threatened rocket attacks
on Britain and France.
•Eisenhower put American nuclear forces on alert,
and through strong American pressure the British
and French called off their invasion.
Fighting Communism Covertly
•Brinkmanship would not work in
all situations, and it could not
prevent Communists from revolting
within countries. To prevent this,
Eisenhower used covert, or hidden,
operations conducted by the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA). The
CIA operations took place in
developing nations, or those nations
with mostly agricultural economies.
Fighting Communism Covertly: CIA operations took place
in developing nations, or those nations with mostly
agricultural economies.
Covert operations didn’t always work
• After Stalin died, Nikita Khrushchev
became the new leader of the Soviet
Union in 1956. He delivered a secret
speech to Soviet leaders, which the
CIA broadcast to Eastern Europe.
• Eastern Europeans, frustrated by
Communist rule, staged riots, & a
full-scale uprising took place in
Hungary. Soviet tanks entered
Budapest, the capital of Hungary,
& stopped the rebellion.
Eisenhower and Soviet leader
Khrushchev agreed to a summit
in Paris in order to improve
relations. Khrushchev stopped
the summit after the Soviets shot
down an American spy plane
piloted by Francis Gary Powers.
Tuesday, January 17,
1961: Eisenhower's
farewell address
Tuesday, January 17, 1961: Eisenhower's farewell
address
List of US presidents during the Cold War
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1933-1945)
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
Dwight David Eisenhower (1953-1961)
John Fitzgerald Kennedy(1961-1963)
Lyndon Baines Johnson (1963-1969)
Richard Milhouse Nixon(1969-1974)
Gerald Rudolph Ford (1974-1977)
James Earl Carter, Jr. (1977-1981)
Ronald Wilson Reagan(1981-1989)
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Herbert Walker Bush (1989-1993)
William Jefferson Clinton (1993-2001)