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The Cold War Meeting 15. (5 May) USA in the Cold War after McCarthy 1952 Dwight Eisenhower is elected president of USA 1953 January 30 October 1954 1 January 14 January 1 July December Eisenhower is sworn into office; a challenge to reduce military budget, without reducing American effective military performance Eisenhower approves NSC 162/2 (National Security Council) legacy of $42 billion for military spending left by Truman Dulles presents the new doctrine of massive retaliation before Council on Foreign Affairs restructured budget of $36 billion Joseph McCarthy is condemned by the Senate by 67 to 22 for “conduct unbecoming a senator” John Foster Dulles – Eisenhower’s secretary of state (aristocratic corporate lawyer); begins by denouncing ‘containment’ policy as passive and pursuing active foreign policy not only to contain communism, but also to push it back and liberate various parts of the world Dulles’ doctrines: policy of “massive retaliation” intensified unification through mutual defense pacts (about a dozen pacts by the end of 1950s brinksmanship - January 16, 1956; an attempt of pushing the Soviet Union to the brink of war in order to exact concessions. Massive Retaliation Doctrine The United States should be prepared to respond to a Soviet-backed conventional threat anywhere in the world with a nuclear strike against the territory of the Soviet Union itself. New Look Policy Doctrine A shift from nuclear superiority, towards nuclear sufficiency.Flexibility, tactical attack, “limited war”. Savings Policy options Three policy options for reduced military budget were considered: the Truman-Acheson approach of containment and reliance on conventional forces; response to limited Soviet "aggression" in one location with nuclear weapons; serious "liberation" based on an economic response to the Soviet political-militaryideological challenge to Western hegemony: propaganda campaigns and psychological warfare. The third option was strongly crticised and eventually rejected. Eisenhower opted instead for a combination of the first two, one that confirmed the validity of containment, but with reliance on the American air-nuclear deterrent. This was geared toward avoiding costly and unpopular ground wars, such as Korea. Since nuclear weapons are an integral part of defense, they should be developed: 1,000 in 1953 to 18,000 by early 1961 1955 – eight long range B-52 are debveloped 1962: US to USSR nuclear warheads - 27,297 to 3,332 During the Cuban Missile Crisis the U.S. had 142 Atlas and 62 Titan I ICBMs, mostly in hardened underground silos. In 1961, the U.S. deployed 15 Jupiter IRBMs (intermediaterange ballistic missiles) Turkey, aimed at the western USSR's cities, including Moscow. Given its 1,500-mile (2,410 km) range, Moscow was only 16 minutes away. The U.S. could also launch 1,000-mile (1,600 km)-range Polaris SLBMs from submerged submarines. The Organization of American States (OAS, or, as it is known in the three other official languages, OEA) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas, although Honduras was suspended as a result of the June 28, 2009 coup d’état that expelled President Manuel Zelaya from office. The organization grew out of earlier cooperative initiatives and was first signed on 30 April 1948, becoming effective on 1 December 1951. The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty (ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the military alliance which binds Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States to cooperate on defense matters in the Pacific Ocean area, though today the treaty is understood to relate to attacks in any area. ANZUS was concluded at San Francisco on September 1, 1951, and entered into force on April 29, 1952. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense which was signed on September 8, 1954. The formal institution of SEATO was established at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok in February 1955. It was primarily created to block further communist gains in Southeast Asia. The organization's headquarters were located in Bangkok, Thailand. SEATO was dissolved on June 30, 1977. The Central Treaty Organization (also referred to as CENTO, original name was Middle East Treaty Organization or METO, also known as the Baghdad Pact) was adopted in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. It was dissolved in 1979. The United States could not initially participate "for purely technical reasons of budgeting procedures." In 1958, the United States joined the military committee of the alliance. It is generally viewed as one of the least successful of the Cold War alliances. USA, CIA and Latin America (Yankee Imperialism) 1954 stopping of the new, ‘leftist’ government of Jacobo Arbenz Guzman in Guatemala. Financial military support to 1976 and after 1981 1958-59 Cuban failure 1965-66 occupation of Dominican Republic by US forces after overthrow of Trujillo 1970-73 intervention in Chile 1978 control of Panama Canal ends with US withdrawal 1979 overthrow of Samoza, followed US aid in Nicaragua 1980 military and economic support to El Salvador government during civil war 1981 military and economic support to Honduras 1981-90 military and economic support to Nicaragua 1983 intervention in Grenada 1986 intervention in Haiti drives Jean-Claude Duvalier into exile