Download Cold War

Cold War
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
1979 - 1989
• Causes:
-
Soviet Union had historical presence in
Afghanistan. Communist government was
struggling to maintain control due to strong
opposition by the Afghans
-
Soviets wanted to keep communist influence in
area
What happened and who:
Soviets sent 100,000 troops to invade and regain control
Mujahidin (Afghan resistance fighters that were multinational insurgence groups trained by various countries)
performed guerilla warfare to fight the Soviets
US supplied large amounts of money and weapons to
support Mujahidin
Soviets destroyed the Afghan country (villages, crops and
water sources) because the rural population were helping
the Mujahidin; caused millions to die or flee to surrounding
countries
Weapons supplied by the US severely hindered the Soviet air
attacks, Arab world supplied funds to help fight the Soviets
and the United Nations pressured Soviets to withdraw
Outcome:
Thousands of Soviet troops were killed and ultimately Soviets were forced to leave; millions of Afghans were killed or
displaced
Afghanistan as a country was destroyed; general governing infrastructure no longer exists;
Afghanistan became a haven for terrorists; there is only a weak government present with multiple groups continuing to
fight for control
This was a proxy war between US and Soviet Union; US involvement was to limit the spread of communism
NATO and Warsaw pact were not directly involved during this war
Considered victory for Capitalism because Communism was overthrown
• Causes:
• The occupation of Greece by
German troops.
Greek Civil War
Summary :
• The tensions between the
Democratic and Communist Parties
•
Two Greek forces worked together to resist the occupation of Greece by Germany. The “National Popular Liberation Army” who were communist, and the
“Greek Democratic National Army”.
• The influences from Britain and the
United States
•
After the German withdrawal in October of 1944, the British helped the Communist Party set up a new provisional government for Greece which quickly
disintegrated with the communist members refusing to disband their guerrilla forces.
•
Once the Communist guerrilla forces accepted defeat after a short civil war that was suppressed by the British, a general election was held and reinstated the
royalist majority and restored the Greek king in 1946.
•
During 1946, another guerrilla war was opened by the communists that had gone under ground.
•
The British couldn’t support the demand of the Greeks, so the commitment to defending Greece was taken on by the United States. The support from the
U.S. was greatly needed because by the end of 1947 the communists had proclaimed a provisional government in the “northern mountains”.
•
This second communist rebellion lasted until 1949, when the U.S. successfully supplied a new strengthened Greece that was able to clear the communists
from the mountains.
Individuals Involved:
•
Commanders and historic leaders. Alexander Papagos, Konstantinos Ventiris, Ronald Scobie, James Van Fleet, Markos Vafiadis, and Nikolaos Zachariadis.
Outcomes:
•
On October 16th, 1949, the Greek communists broadcasted the end of open hostility and the majority of the remaining communist members fled to the
adjacent country, Albania.
•
There were about 50,000 deaths and 500,000 Greeks were temporarily moved away from their homes due to the fighting.
•
The civil war left many tensions between the groups in the Greek population because of the strife, death and brutality of the war.
By: Bolin
Mahaffey
Cuban Revolution
July 26, 1953- January 1, 1959
After Fidel Castro’s rebellion against Fulgencio Batista, he began expanding his
Communist form of government to the Cuban people. Members of the communist party and
Catholic Church supported the change in leadership. Castro insisted on Soviet Union assistance,
due to United States’ alienation of military troops. The Soviet Union was closer in proximity to
their enemy, so they deployed artillery, fighter jets, tanks, and soldiers; bringing the Cold War to a
new hemisphere. Attempting to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, 1961; President Kennedy’s forces
were annihilated by Soviet troops.
Outcomes:
•
Causes:
•
•
•
•
•
Castro’s desire to overthrow
dictator Fulgencio Batista.
Cuban nationalization of US
petroleum.
Eisenhower’s economic sanctions
1960: Soviet Union’s assistance to
Cuba.
December 1961: Castro declared
himself a Marxist-Leninist.
•
•
•
•
•
Created by: Anna Skelly
Soviet Communist victory,
weakened United Sates as a global
power.
Led to revolts in the US embassies
in New Delhi, Cairo, and Tokyo.
Was not an example of a proxy war,
both USA and USSR deployed
military troops to Cuba.
USSR began sending missiles to
Cuba.
NATO/Warsaw Pact was not
involved.
Resulted in USSR victory on sending
first manned orbital in space.
Cuban Revolution
1953-1959
Causes: U.S supported Fulgencio
Batista, but he was unpopular with
the Cubans and was ineffective.
This led for Castro to want to
overthrow him.
Fidel Castro
Summary: Castro wanted to overthrow
Bastista and was successful when Bastista
fled to the Dominican Republic in 1959. U.S
eventually stopped sending Cuba supplies, so
they went to the Soviet Union for aid. The
Soviets would now have a foothold near the
U.S. To wanted to overthrow Bastista and
was successful when Bastista fled to the
Dominican Republic in 1959. U.S eventually
stopped sending Cuba supplies, so they went
to the Soviet Union for aid. The Soviets
would now have a foothold near the U.S. To
counter
this, U.S
the cut
Americans
snuck
in spies to
Outcomes:
diplomatic
relations
carry
out a and
surprise
airLatin
strike.American
President
with Cuba
other
Kennedy
launched
battle Bay
of Pigs,
countriesthen
rallied
againstthe
America.
Soviets
which
to the U.S’s
surprise,
failed
when
the
sent missiles
to Cuba
which
leads
up to
the
Cuban’s
overwhelmed
Cuban Missile
Crisis. them.
aProxy
surprise
airNo
strike. President Kennedy then
War:
launched the battle Bay of Pigs, which to the
NATO/Warsaw Pact: No
U.S’s surprise, failed when the Cuban’s
Victory for: Communism
overwhelmed them.
Prague Spring
• Jan. 5, 1968 – Aug. 21, 1968
The Prague Spring reforms were a cause of
deep economic recession initiated by
imposed Russian totalitarian policies.
The Prague Spring of 1968 was a period of
time when the Czechoslovakian
government, led by Alexander Dubcek,
strived to democratize the nation and
lessen the influence of the USSR. Dubcek
initialized a program to amend the Czech
constitution and reduce the totalitarian
aspects of the Communist Party. Along with
these amendments also came reduced
censorship.
Involved in these changes were
Czechoslovakia, Russia, and briefly other
countries involved in the Warsaw Pact such
as Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria.
Although initiated by Russia, the ensuing
conflict was not a proxy war.
In response to Dubcek’s reforms, troops
from the Warsaw Pact invaded
Czechoslovakia to reassert authority,
capturing Dubcek and ending the program,
resulting in a Communistic victory. This
thwarted attempt at revolution lead to
long-term Communistic influence in
Czechoslovakia.
Overthrow of the Guatemalan Government
1954
Causes: The U.S. wanted to prevent the spread of communism to
the west. Jacobo Arbez Guzman, leader of Guatemala was
considered a danger to U.S. national security because of his
communist ideals, and the U.S. wanted to overthrow him.
President Eisenhower was determined to get rid of Arbez, so
the program, PBSUCCESS, was made to depose of him. The
CIA set up troops outside of Guatemala in Honduras and
Nicaragua, and after a year of preparation, on June 18, 1954
they invaded Guatemala intending on overthrowing Arbez. He
Resigned as President, and fled to Mexico. Castillo Armas
became the new president.
Outcomes: After the success of PBSUCCESS Guatemala faced
years of instability and civil war. The new president, Armas,
disenfranchised illiterate voters, outlawed political parties,
labor unions, and peasant organizations. PBSUCCESS became
a model for future CIA actions in the future in the region.
• The Guatemalan Civil War, which resulted after the
overthrowing of Arbez is an example of a proxy war.
• Warsaw Pact was made in 1955, after this event had occurred
• The overthrowing of Arbez was a victory for the U.S., for they
had succeeded in preventing the spread of communism
Cuban Missile Crisis
September 1962 – October 26th 1962
• Causes: The United States had nuclear weapons
near the Soviet Union, so the USSR wanted to
level the playing field by placing some in the
US’s proximity.
• In September 1962, President Kennedy received
intel that the soviet union was installing nuclear
missiles in Cuba. The United States then placed
a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent them
from receiving any more weapons from the
Soviet Union. On October 26th, the US and the
USSR made an agreement that the US would
not invade Cuba and would dismantle their
nuclear missiles in Turkey as long as the USSR
removed the missiles from Cuba.
• Countries involved: United States, Cuba, Soviet
Union
• Outcomes:
• 1) The two sides established a direct
communications link that became known
as The two sides established a direct
communications link that became known
as the Hot Line.
• 2) A Test Ban Treaty was signed between
the two countries in August 1963. The
treaty prohibited the testing of nuclear
weapons in the atmosphere.
• The Soviet Union became determined to
have a nuclear capability that was equal to
the United States, which was achieved in
1972.
• Proxy war? No
• NATO/Warsaw Pact? No
• Victory for whom? More of a stalemate
with no winner
Postwar Division of Germany
(January 1943-August 2, 1945)
Causes: German violence in WW2,
German surrender, Allied powers
wanted to keep Germany peaceful,
so they decided to divide it among
themselves.
• After German forces surrendered, a series of treaties and agreements were made
among the allies to divide Germany. Initially, in Casablanca, Winston Churchill’s
proposal for Balkan invasion was denied, which opened up the way for Soviet
influence in East Germany. In the Tehran conference, official division of Germany was
discussed. Finally in Yalta, Germany was split into four zones, each for one allied
power. In Potsdam, Stalin was able to win more land for the Soviet zone. After the
Potsdam conference, the ACC was formed among the allied powers as a sort of order
for Germany. This union led to turmoil among the allies. France tried to gain
resources from Germany, and the U.S. and British zones were merged into one Bizone.
• Outcomes: Soviet influence in East Germany. Conflicts eventually leading to the Cold
war between U.S. and Soviet Union. Split of East and West Germany. The Western Bizone of the U.S and Britain and the Eastern Soviet zone divided Germany.
• This event was not an example of a Proxy war.
• Neither NATO nor The Warsaw Pact were involved in this event.
• This event was a victory for Capitalism initially, as 3 of the 4 German zones were
occupied by Capitalist powers, with the last zone occupied by Soviet Russia, a major
Socialist power.
Marshall Plan
April 3, 1948-1952
Causes: Europe had been devastated by warfare and violence, leaving it in ruins. The
United States was one of the only world powers not significantly damaged compared to
Europeon nations, which led them to offer Europe aid.
U.S president Harry Truman appointed George Marshall, a successful figure during
WWII, to Secretary of State in 1947. In an attempt to reconsruct the nations of
Europe, Marshall, George Kennan, and William Clayton constructed the Marshall
Plan. The Marshall Plan detailed plans to rebuild Europeon economic struture to
help restore politcal stability as well as prevent the spread of communism. Almost
$13 billion in aid was given to Europeon nations.
1. The Marshall Plan was not a proxy war.
2. NATO and the Warsaw pact were not involved.
3. It was a victory for capitalism because success of
capitalist nations helped challenge the power
communism had over Europe.
Outcomes: Nations supported by the Marshall
Plan were very positively affected by the
Marshall Plan. The economic prosperity caused
by the Marshall Plan eventually led to the
creation of the Europeon Union.
Tiananmen Square Massacre
• June 3rd-4th, 1989
Causes- The death of Hu Yaobang,
an incorruptible government
leader, caused widespread grieving
and protest over corruption of
party leadership
After weeks of university students, factory
workers, pro-democracy reformists, and Beijing
residents protesting the Communist party of
China and the government, the People’s
Liberation Army received permission to fire upon
the demonstrators on June 3rd . Between 2412600 people were killed, and 7,000-10,000 were
wounded. As a result of the protesting, media
control tightened, the Democracy movement
was halted, and Western nations placed
economic sanctions and arms embargoes on
China.
Proxy War-No
NATO/Warsaw Pact- No
Victory for Communism