Download The Industrial Revolution

Chapter
11 Section 1
Objectives
• Explain the changes that the Industrial
Revolution brought to American life.
• Discuss the importance of Samuel Slater’s
cotton mill.
• Describe the growth of industry in the United
States after 1812.
• Identify important developments in factories and
the problems that factory life caused.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Terms and People
• Industrial Revolution – a time period during
which machines gradually took the place of
many hand tools
• factory system – brought workers and
machinery together in one place
• capitalist – a person who invests capital, or
money, in a business to earn a profit
• Francis Cabot Lowell – an American who, with
other capitalists, built a factory where spinning
and weaving were done in the same building
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Terms and People (continued)
• mass production – the rapid manufacture of
large numbers of identical objects
• interchangeable parts – identical pieces that
could be assembled quickly by unskilled workers
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
How did the new technology of the
Industrial Revolution change the
way Americans lived?
In early America, most people worked as
farmers and made the goods they needed
at home.
With the advent of the Industrial
Revolution, many people began working in
factories and buying manufactured goods.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Prior to the Industrial Revolution, women spun
thread and wove cloth at home.
These processes
were very timeconsuming.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
The Industrial Revolution began in the British
textile industry in the 1700s.
A series of innovations changed the way fabric was made.
In the 1760s,
the spinning
jenny sped up
the threadmaking
process.
In 1764, Richard
Arkwright invented
the water frame, a
spinning machine
powered by running
water rather than
human energy.
The Industrial Revolution
To house the
large machines,
manufacturers
built textile mills
on the banks of
rivers.
Chapter
11 Section 1
There were
disadvantages to
building factories on
riverbanks:
• In a dry season, the
machines had no
power.
• Most factories were
far from cities, and
labor was hard to
find in rural areas.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
In 1790, Arkwright built the first steam-powered
textile plant.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
The steam-powered plant had advantages over
water-powered plants.
The steam
engine was a
reliable
source of
power.
The Industrial Revolution
Factories could
now be built in
cities, where
young women
and children
provided cheap
labor.
Chapter
11 Section 1
The new mills created a new way of working,
known as the factory system.
Instead of spinning at home as time permitted,
textile workers had to begin and end work at
specific hours at the factories.
Workers now had to keep up with the machines
instead of working at their own pace.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
British mill owners
turned to capitalists
to get the money
they needed to build
spinning factories
and machines.
1765
By 1784, British
workers were
producing 24 times
as much thread as
they had in 1765.
The Industrial Revolution
1784
Chapter
11 Section 1
Britain forbade skilled workers to leave the
country in order to keep their technology a secret.
But in 1789, an apprentice in one Arkwright’s
factories did just that.
Samuel Slater memorized the
plans of Arkwright’s machines
and then sailed to New York.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Slater joined forces with a wealthy merchant,
Moses Brown, who had rented a textile mill in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
There, Slater built a spinning machine based on
his memory of Arkwright’s machines.
Slater’s successful mill marked the
beginning of American industrialization.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
In the U.S., industrialization began in the
Northeast, where there were merchants who had
the capital to build factories.
But U.S. industry
did not grow
significantly
until the War of
1812, when
Americans could
no longer rely on
imported goods.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Before the 1800s, skilled craftsworkers
made goods by hand, and when a part broke,
they had to make a unique piece to fix the
product.
But American inventor Eli Whitney devised a
system of interchangeable parts in the 1790s.
This was one of the most important developments
in American industry, called mass production.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Manufacturing became more efficient, and
the prices of many goods dropped.
People bought more goods, and U.S. industry
expanded to satisfy their needs.
U.S.
Industry
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
The Lowell Mills
Beginnings
• Before the War of 1812, Francis Cabot
Lowell saw the latest weaving machines
in England.
• Back in the U.S., Lowell built an improved
version of the English machines.
A New Kind
of Mill
• Lowell opened a mill in Waltham,
Massachusetts, where spinning and
weaving were done in the same building.
The Town of
Lowell
• After Lowell’s death in 1817, his partners
built more factories.
• They also built a new town to improve
the lives of their workers.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
The new factories were staffed with “Lowell girls”
from nearby farms, who received an education
during their off-duty hours.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Unlike the Lowell girls, most factory workers had
to tolerate harsh conditions.
• American textile mills, coal mines, and
steel foundries hired children as young as
7 to work long hours in unsafe conditions.
• By 1880, more than a million children
between the ages of 10 and 15 worked
for low pay.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Factory Conditions
Environment
• Conditions in factories were appalling.
• Factories were poorly lit with little fresh
air.
Injuries
• Many workers were injured by machines
not designed to protect them.
• Business owners provided no payments
to disabled workers.
Length of
Workdays
• Factory workdays lasted 12 or 14 hours.
• By 1844, workers were demanding
shorter days, but they did not get them
until many years later.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
The Industrial Revolution
Know It, Show It Quiz
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Objectives
• Explain why American cities grew in the 1800s.
• List the new inventions and advances in
agriculture and manufacturing.
• Describe the improvements in transportation
during the early 1800s.
• Discuss the wave of immigration to the United
States in the 1840s and 1850s.
• Describe the problems African Americans faced
in the North.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Terms and People
• urbanization – the growth of cities due to the
movement of people from rural areas to cities
• telegraph – a device that used electrical signals
to send messages
• Samuel F. B. Morse – the inventor of the
telegraph
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Terms and People (continued)
• famine – widespread starvation
• nativists – people who wanted to preserve the
country for white, American-born Protestants
• discrimination – the denial of equal rights or
equal treatment to certain groups of people
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
How did urbanization, technology,
and social change affect the North?
During the Industrial Revolution, the
differences between the North and South
widened.
Northern cities, industries, and
transportation technologies grew rapidly,
with both benefits and drawbacks for
citizens.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Early American cities were small by today’s
standards, but in the 1800s, U.S. cities grew
larger.
The Industrial Revolution spurred
urbanization, as agricultural workers moved
to the cities for jobs.
Farm laborers who had been replaced by
machines went to work in city factories and
shops.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
As cities grew, a variety of problems emerged.
filthy streets
structures made
mostly of wood
a lack of clean
drinking water
poorly trained fire
fighters
the absence of
good sewage
systems
rival fire companies
fought each other
instead of fires
disease
fires
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
The Industrial Revolution also provided
many benefits.
New inventions and technological advances
affected many industries and caused many
changes in people’s ways of life, in the
following areas.
• Agriculture
• Clothing and manufactured goods
• Communication
• Transportation
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Agriculture
Inventions made it easier for farmers to cultivate
more land and harvest their crops with fewer
workers.
Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical reaper cut stalks of
wheat.
Threshers separated grains of wheat from their
stalks.
The reaper and the thresher were put together into
one machine called a combine.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Clothing and Manufactured Goods
Sewing machines made it much more efficient to
produce clothing in quantity.
By 1860, factories in New England and the middle
Atlantic states were producing most of the nation’s
manufactured goods.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Communications
Samuel F. B. Morse began working on the
telegraph in 1835.
Morse code used shorter (“dots”) and longer
(“dashes”) bursts of electricity to represent the
letters of the alphabet.
Soon, thousands of telegraph wires were strung
across the nation.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
The telegraph
worked by
sending
electrical signals
over a wire.
Messages could
be sent quickly
over long
distances.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Transportation
Improvements in transportation spurred the growth
of American industry.
Factories could make use of raw materials that were
farther away.
Factory owners could ship their goods to distant
markets.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
In 1807, Robert Fulton invented the steamboat.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Side-paddle steamboats traveled well on rivers,
but not on oceans.
In 1850, American-built clipper ships—the fastest
ships in the world at the time—were introduced.
But by the 1850s, Britain was producing oceangoing steamships that were faster than and could
carry more cargo than clipper ships.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Railroads tied together raw materials,
manufacturers, and markets better than any
other form of transportation.
Steamboats
had to
follow the
paths of
rivers, which
sometimes
froze in
winter.
The Industrial Revolution
Railroads
could be
built
almost
anywhere.
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Cars were drawn along the track by horses on
America’s first railroad, the Baltimore and Ohio,
which was begun in 1828.
In 1830, Peter Cooper built the first Americanmade steam locomotive.
By 1840, about 3,000 miles of railway track had
been built in the United States.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Not only was America’s way of life changing,
immigrants were changing who Americans were.
The American population
grew rapidly in the 1840s
because millions of
immigrants, mostly from
Western Europe, entered
the United States.
The Industrial Revolution
United
States
Population
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Some immigrants came for land, others for
opportunity, and still others because they could
not survive in their home countries.
As cities along the eastern coast became
crowded, newly arrived immigrants headed
west.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
In 1845, a fungus destroyed the potato crop in
Ireland, which led to a famine.
During the Great
Hunger, more
than a million
people starved to
death, and a
million more left
Ireland.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Most of the Irish immigrants who came to the
United States during this period found work:
• laying railroad track in the East and
Midwest.
• as household workers.
• in construction.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Germans also came to America during this period,
many to escape political persecution.
Unlike the Irish, German
immigrants came from
many different levels of
society.
Many Germans settled
in the Ohio Valley and
the Great Lakes region.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Some Americans, called nativists, worried
about the growing foreign population.
Nativists especially opposed Irish immigration
because most Irish were Roman Catholic.
One New York nativist group became the powerful
Know-Nothing political party, but the party
eventually dissolved over the issue of slavery.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Even more so than immigrants, African
Americans in the North faced discrimination.
Slavery had largely ended in the North by the
early 1800s, but free African Americans did not
receive the same treatment as whites.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 2
1
Discrimination in the North
Suffrage
• African Americans were often denied the
right to vote.
Job Market
• African Americans were not allowed to
work in factories or in skilled trades.
• Many employers preferred to hire whites.
Segregation
• Schools, public facilities, and churches
were segregated, so African Americans
formed their own churches.
The Media
• White newspapers often portrayed African
Americans as inferior, so African
Americans started their own newspapers.
The Industrial Revolution
Chapter
11 Section 1
Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
The Industrial Revolution
Know It, Show It Quiz