Download The American Journey: Modern Times

Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Section 2: Nixon and Watergate
Section 3: The Carter Presidency
Visual Summary
Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Essential Question What were President
Nixon’s main goals in foreign policy, and how
did he work to achieve them?
Nixon and Watergate
Essential Question What were President
Nixon’s major domestic challenges in the
1970s?
The Carter Presidency
Essential Question What major foreign affairs
issues did President Carter face during his
presidency, and how did he deal with them?
What were President Nixon’s main
goals in foreign policy, and how did
he work to achieve them?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• détente
• balance of power
• embargo
Academic Vocabulary
• relax
• technology
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Henry Kissinger
• Zhou Enlai
• Leonid Brezhnev
• Golda Meir
• Anwar el-Sadat
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: People of very different
backgrounds can live together peacefully.
A. Strongly agree
A
D. Strongly disagree
C
C. Somewhat disagree
B
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
0%
D
B. Somewhat agree
Easing the Cold War
President Nixon sought to ease
Cold War tensions by improving
relations with the Soviet Union and
China.
Easing the Cold War (cont.)
• President Nixon hoped to build a more
stable, peaceful world by reaching out to the
Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of
China.
• To help him in this task, Nixon appointed
Henry Kissinger as his national security
adviser.
• Kissinger and Nixon believed that foreign
policies should be based on national
interests rather than political beliefs.
Easing the Cold War (cont.)
• Nixon followed a policy of détente—
attempts at relaxing international tensions—
but realized détente would work only if a
balance of power existed.
• In February 1972, Nixon and China’s
premier Zhou Enlai agreed to allow greater
scientific and cultural exchange and to
resume trade.
• Nixon followed his trip to China with a visit to
Moscow in May 1972.
Easing the Cold War (cont.)
• The Soviets—led by Leonid Brezhnev—
wanted to prevent a Chinese-American
alliance and hoped to buy United States
technology.
• While in Moscow, Nixon signed the Strategic
Arms Limitation Treaty, which restricted the
number of certain types of nuclear missiles.
Secret talks between American and
Chinese officials were known as
which type of diplomacy?
A. Soccer
B. Football
C. Ping-Pong
D. Baseball
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
The Middle East
Nixon’s foreign policy included
easing Arab-Israeli tensions in the
Middle East.
The Middle East (cont.)
• President Nixon’s foreign policy aimed to
maintain world stability without being drawn
into regional disputes.
• Tensions between Israel and the Arab states
erupted in war.
– In 1967 the “Six-Day War” broke out.
– The Yom Kippur War erupted in 1973.
The Middle East (cont.)
• Angered by the U.S. support of Israel, Arab
oil-producing states placed an embargo on
oil to the United States and other “nonfriendly” nations.
• Kissinger engaged in shuttle diplomacy—
traveling back and forth among Middle
Eastern Capitals—trying to resolve the oil
crisis and forging lasting peace.
The Middle East (cont.)
• Early in 1974, Golda Meir and Anwar elSadat agreed to separate Israeli and
Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula.
What was the outcome of the 1967 Six-Day
War?
A. More Palestinian refugees
B. Long lines at U.S. gas pumps
0%
D
0%
C
D. Egyptian control of the
Sinai Peninsula
A
C. Improved U.S. relations
with Egypt
A
B
C
0%
D
B
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Latin America
The Nixon administration continued
the effort to halt the spread of
communism in Latin America.
Latin America (cont.)
• In 1970 the country of Chile elected
Salvador Allende, a Marxist, as president.
• The United States, angered by Allende’s
takeover of American companies, decided to
undermine the Allende government.
• In 1973, with the backing of the Central
Intelligence Agency, a group of Chilean
military leaders under General Augusto
Pinochet overthrew the government and
killed Allende.
What government agency backed the
revolution in Chile?
A. The Central Intelligence
Agency
B. The Secret Service
C. The Federal Bureau of
Investigation
0%
D. The U.S. military
A
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
B
C
0%
D
What were President Nixon’s major
domestic challenges in the 1970s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• revenue sharing • executive privilege
• affirmative action • impeach
• tight money
policy
• amnesty
• deficit
Academic Vocabulary
• energy
• controversy
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• New Federalism
• Watergate
• Sam Ervin
• Gerald R. Ford
In general, how honest do you feel
most politicians are?
A. Always honest
B. Moderately honest
C. Never honest
0%
A
A. A
B. B
C.0%C
B
0%
C
Nixon’s Domestic Program
The Nixon administration sought to
reduce the role of the federal
government in American life.
Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)
• Nixon thought the federal courts should be
tougher on criminals and appointed
Supreme Court justices he hoped would
support his views.
• Wanting to reduce federal involvement in
people’s lives and to cut federal spending,
Nixon introduced a program called the New
Federalism.
– Revenue sharing with state and local
governments became law in 1972.
Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)
• On civil rights issues, Nixon took a
conservative position aimed at appealing to
white voters.
– However, he also tried to integrate schools
and promote affirmative action.
Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)
• While attempting to change the direction of
government, President Nixon had to deal
with serious economic problems such as
unemployment and inflation.
– First, Nixon cut federal spending and
called for a tight money policy.
– Next, he temporarily froze wages and
prices and issued guidelines for any future
increases.
Nixon’s Domestic Program (cont.)
– Last, he increased federal spending to
stimulate the economy, which created a
budget deficit.
Did Nixon vow to reduce or increase
the government’s role in people’s
lives?
A. Reduce
B. Increase
A. A
B. B
0%
A
0%
B
Reelection and Watergate
During his second term, President
Nixon was involved in a political
scandal that forced him to resign.
Reelection and Watergate (cont.)
• As the 1972 election neared, Nixon had
doubts about his chances for reelection.
• In their efforts to win the election, the
president and his advisers sometimes
crossed the boundaries of the law.
• The Democrats’ lack of unity, combined with
an upsurge in the economy and the prospect
of peace in Vietnam, led to a landslide
victory for Nixon.
Reelection and Watergate (cont.)
• During Nixon’s second term, severe
economic problems confronted the nation.
– The president imposed measures to save
oil and urged Americans to conserve
energy.
• In June 1972, Nixon’s reelection committee
had five men break into the Democratic
Party’s office at the Watergate apartmentoffice complex in Washington, D.C.
The Path of Watergate
Reelection and Watergate (cont.)
• Starting in May 1973, the Senate hearings on
Watergate, chaired by Senator Sam Ervin,
revealed the inner workings of the Nixon White
House.
• President Nixon claimed executive privilege
and refused to hand over secret tapes that
recorded his conversations while in office.
• The Supreme Court ruled that the president
had to turn over all of the tapes, and Nixon
complied.
Reelection and Watergate (cont.)
• Several days later, the House Judiciary
Committee voted to impeach Nixon, and on
August 9, 1974, Nixon resigned his office in
disgrace.
• In the middle of the turmoil, Vice President
Spiro Agnew was charged with taking bribes
while governor of Maryland.
• Gerald R. Ford became the new vice
president and the new president soon
afterward.
Against whom did Nixon run in the
1972 election?
A. Hubert Humphrey
B. Edmund Muskie
C. George McGovern
D. Gerald Ford
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
A Time for Healing
President Ford set out to unite the
nation after the Watergate scandal.
A Time for Healing (cont.)
• Gerald Ford’s pardon of Nixon and his offer
of amnesty to men who illegally avoided
military service during the Vietnam War
stirred controversy.
• Ford and Kissinger extended the policy of
détente with the Soviet Union and worked to
improve relations with China.
A Time for Healing (cont.)
• To attempt to solve the country’s economic
troubles, Ford launched voluntary wage and
price controls, tried to cut government
spending, and passed a tax cut.
– Despite his efforts, Ford could not solve
the nation’s economic woes.
Ford promised amnesty to men who
illegally avoided which war?
A. World War I
B. World War II
C. The Korean War
D. The Vietnam war
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
What major foreign affairs issues did
President Carter face during his
presidency, and how did he deal with
them?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• trade deficit
• apartheid
• human rights
• fundamentalist
Academic Vocabulary
• integrity
• exceed
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Ronald Reagan
• Jimmy Carter
• Three Mile Island
• Camp David Accords
Would you prefer a president who
seems average and accessible, or
one who seems official and distant?
A. Average and accessible
B. Official and distant
A. A
B. B
0%
B
A
0%
An Informal Presidency
President Carter faced a weakened
economy and a growing energy
crisis.
An Informal Presidency (cont.)
• In the 1976 election President Ford faced a
challenge for the Republican nomination
from California governor Ronald Reagan.
• Jimmy Carter—the Democratic candidate—
stressed his integrity, his religious faith, and
his standing as an outsider.
– Carter won in a close election, gaining
50.1 percent of the popular vote.
Election of 1976
An Informal Presidency (cont.)
• As American money paid for overseas oil,
the nation faced a growing trade deficit—
the value of foreign imports exceeded the
value of American exports.
• In April 1977, Carter presented a National
Energy Plan to resolve the energy crisis, but
Congress would only pass a weakened
version of the plan.
Economics & History
An Informal Presidency (cont.)
• In March 1979, a major accident occurred at
the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant,
and an antinuclear protest movement soon
spread.
What kind of tone did Carter set as
president?
A. Regal
B. Down-to-earth
C. Private
D. Eccentric
0%
A
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
B
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
D
Foreign Affairs
President Carter had some foreign
policy successes but faced a
growing crisis in the Middle Eastern
country of Iran.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• Carter based his foreign policy on human
rights.
– For example, Carter condemned South
Africa for its policy of apartheid.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• Carter signed two treaties that turned the
Panama Canal over to Panama by the year
2000, but ensured that the canal would
remain a neutral waterway open to all
shipping.
• In an attempt to bring peace to the Middle
East, President Carter, Israeli prime minister
Menachem Begin, and Egyptian president
Anwar el-Sadat reached an agreement
known as the Camp David Accords.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• The president signed a second Strategic
Arms Limitation Treaty, but any hope of
Senate approval ended in December 1979
when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan.
• In January 1979, Islamic fundamentalists
forced Iran’s leader to flee Iran. The new
leader, Ayatollah Khomeini, was hostile to
the United States.
Foreign Affairs (cont.)
• In November 1979, Iranian students stormed
the American embassy in Tehran and held
52 Americans hostage.
• Ronald Reagan swept to victory in the
presidential election of 1980 with an
electoral vote margin of 489 to 49.
Turbulence to Transformation: The Election of 1980
Why were the Ayatollah Khomeini and his
supporters hostile to the United States?
A. Carter ordered sanctions
against Iran.
D. Carter condemned the practice of apartheid.
0%
D
0%
C
A
C. American leaders supported
the shah.
A. A
B. B
0%
C. 0%C
D. D
B
B. U.S. policies were based
on human rights.
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détente
a policy which attempts to relax or
ease tensions between nations
balance of power
the distribution of power among
nations so that no single nation can
dominate or interfere with another
embargo
an order prohibiting trade with
another country
relax
to ease
technology
the use of science in commerce and
industry
revenue sharing
money raised from federal taxes and
given to the states for use at the state
and local levels
affirmative action
an active effort to improve
educational and employment
opportunities for minority groups and
women
tight money policy
the practice of raising interest rates to
slow personal spending
deficit
the shortage that occurs when
spending is greater than income
executive privilege
President Nixon’s belief that all White
House conversations should be kept
secret to protect national security
impeach
to formally charge a public official
with misconduct in office
amnesty
the granting of pardon to a large
number of persons; protection from
prosecution for an illegal act
energy
source of usable power
controversy
arguments between opposing
viewpoints
trade deficit
the situation when the value of a
country’s foreign imports exceeds the
value of its exports
human rights
rights regarded as belonging to all
persons, such as freedom from
unlawful imprisonment, torture, and
execution
apartheid
racial separation and economic and
political discrimination against
nonwhites, a policy formerly practiced
in the Republic of South Africa
fundamentalist
a person who believes in the literal
meaning of religious texts and follows
strict obedience to religious laws
integrity
moral character
exceed
to be greater; to go beyond
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