Download U.S. Regents review

U.S. REGENTS
REVIEW
Thematic Review
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
1st Amendment
• Freedom of religion, speech, and press
• Right to peacefully assemble and to petition the government
• Right to posses fire arms
2nd Amendment
• Government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime
3rd Amendment
• Protects people from unreasonable search and seizures
4th Amendment
5th Amendment
• Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy
• Guarantees due process of law
6th Amendment
• Guarantees the right to a speedy, public trial
• Right to confront witnesses and to legal counsel
• Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases
7th Amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
8th Amendment
• Prohibits excessive bails and fines
• Bans “cruel and unusual punishments
• Rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people
9th Amendment
10th Amendment
• Powers not given to the national government belong to the states or the
people
11th Amendment
• Grants state immunity from certain law suits
12th Amendment
• Separates voting for President and Vice President
13th Amendment
• Abolishes slavery
• Reconstruction amendment
14th Amendment
• Defines citizenship
• Prohibits states from denying people due process and equal protection
under the law
• Reconstruction amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT DESCRIPTION
• Grants voting rights to African American men
15th Amendment
• Gives Congress power to tax incomes
16th Amendment
17th Amendment
• Requires election of U.S. Senators by people of a state, not the state
legislature
18th Amendment
• Prohibits manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages
• Prohibition (temperance movement)
• Grants voting rights to women
19th Amendment
20th Amendment
• Shortens the amount of time between election of a president and of
Congress to start of term in office
• Repeals the Eighteenth Amendment
21st Amendment
AMENDMENTS
AMENDMENT
DESCRIPTION
• Limits president to two terms
22nd Amendment
23rd Amendment
• Grants electoral votes and right to vote in presidential elections to the
District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)
24th Amendment
• Abolishes poll taxes as a qualification for voting in federal elections
• 24 for the poor!
25th Amendment
• Sets procedure for determining presidential disability and succession and
for filling a vice-presidential vacancy
26th Amendment
• Lowers the voting age to 18
• Due to the Vietnam War
• Bans mid-term congressional pay raises
27th Amendment
MAJOR DOCUMENTS
Document
Mayflower
Compact
1620
Declaration of
Independence
1776
Articles of
Confederation
1781-1787
Describe the Document (Why/What did it say?)
What was it important?
Pilgrims signed a contract agreeing to obey the government
they set up
Established the idea of self-government
July 4- written by Jefferson
Says U.S. is independent country that will protect people’s
natural rights. Also listed the grievances against King George
III
Ideas were inspired by the Enlightenment thinkers (John
Locke, Voltaire, Montesquieu
First constitution of the U.S.
National government was too weak under this plan.
-No president or courts
-No Taxation=no money, no national military
Included basic ideas about people’s natural rights and the job
of the government to protect those rights.
Current plan of government w/ 3 branches of power
U.S. Constitution w/checks and balances, federalism, flexibility and protection
of people’s rights (Bill of Rights)
1787
People govern! (popular sovereignty)
Fixed most of the problems of the A of C and set up
government based on rule of law
1st 10 Amendments to the US Constitution
Protects peoples freedom of speech, press, petition,
assembly, bear arms, due process, other rights not listed, etc.
Seneca Falls Convention, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia
Mott, Frederick Douglass, and others.
List of grievances that women have against the U.S.
government and society.
Birth of the Women’s Rights/Suffrage movement
Bill of Rights
1791
Declaration of
Sentiments
1848
Showed people they needed a stronger national government
after…
-the Shay’s Rebellion in Massachusetts
-limited involvement from states/no taxes
MAJOR LAWS
Law
Year Purpose of Law/Major Provisions
Laws dealing …
[with expansion/settlement]
Homestead Act
1867 Encourage settlement of the west- 160 acres of
land for free if you live on it and farm for 5
years.
1887 To “Americanize” and assimilate Native
Americans160 acres of land for free if you live and farm on
it for 25 years and agree to give up your tribal
way of life. To separate N.A. from each other
and spread them out. *Didn’t work.
[with Minority Groups]
1887 Regulate Railroads-hard to charge fair/uniform
prices, couldn’t favor special groups.
In response to farmers’ protests and the Populist
Party the federal government begins to regulate
the railroad industry.
[with the power of the Federal Government]
1890 Regulate Monopolies-outlawed any combination
that restrained free competition in Interstate
trade. (Gave to federal government the power to
break up monopolies)
[with the power of the Federal Government]
Dawes Act
Interstate
Commerce Act
Sherman AntiTrust Act
MAJOR LAWS
Law
Year Purpose of Law/Major Provisions
Laws dealing …
The Clayton
Anti-Trust Act
1914 Regulate Monopolies-Strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. It
prohibited one company from acquiring another‘s stock for the sole
purpose of creating a monopoly; also protected unions.
[with the power of the
Federal Government]
Pure Food and
Drug Act
And Meat
Inspection Act
1904 Protect Consumers from unsafe products. During the Progressive Era, [with Public safety]
outlawed interstate transport of impure/diluted foods & deliberately
mislabeled products.
As a result of the publication and public outcry over The Jungle, by
muckraker/author Upton Sinclair.
1888 Created to restrict the number of Chinese immigrating to the United
States.
[with immigration]
1924 Placed restrictions on the number of people immigrating to America
from Eastern and Southern Europe as well as Asia.
[with immigration]
Chinese
Exclusion Act
National
Origins Act
(Quota System)
MAJOR LAWS
Law
Purpose of Law/Major Provisions
Laws dealing …
Recognized the right of labor to organize into unions and to be able to
bargain collectively. A great help for workers wanting to join or form a union!
[with labor
relations]
Showed that the U.S. was following a policy of Isolationism by forbidding the
U.S. giving military aid to any country engaged in a war regardless if they
were the aggressor nation or not.
[with Foreign
Policy]
1941
FDR was granted the authority to rent, sell, exchange, lease, or even give war
materials to any country whose security he regarded as necessary to our
national security.
[with Foreign
Policy]
1935
Provide pensions and public assistance-Provided financial support for retired [with Minority
workers, for widows and dependent children of workers who died before
Groups]
retirement and people unable to work because of a permanent injury or
disability.
Year
1935
The Wagner
Act (National
Labor Relations
Act)
1930s
The Neutrality
Acts
The Lend Lease
Acts
Social Security
Act
MAJOR LAWS
Law
Purpose of Law/Major Provisions
Laws dealing …
End discrimination practices-Prohibited discrimination in public places.
Required identical voting requirements. Prohibited employers to
discriminate on the basis of race or sex.
[with Minority
Groups]
1965
Voting Equality-The federal government will ensure that everyone will
have the same voting requirements.
[with Minority
Groups]
1964
Ended the National Origins Act (Quota System). What matters today are [with immigration]
what skills you possess not your country of origin. Still places restrictions
on the number of people who can legally enter America
1973
Limited the power of the President to wage war. Congress overrides
President Nixon’s veto. This law was passed in response to America’s
involvement in Vietnam. As a result of this law, Congress needs to be
informed of U.S. troop deployments within 48 hours and Congress has the
power to force the President to withdraw those troops.
[with Foreign
Policy]
1991
Protect disabled, equal opportunity-Set up rules dealing with people
with disabilities. Wheelchair bound people must be given access to public
facilities. Prevents discrimination by private companies.
[with Minority
Groups/public
safety]
Year
Civil Rights Act 1964
The Voting
Rights Act
The
Immigration
Act of 1964
War Powers
Act
Americans with
Disabilities Act
SUPREME COURT CASES
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLES
Marbury v. Madison
(1803)
•
•
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
•
•
Established judicial review- the right to determine
the constitutionality of laws
Strengthened the power of the Supreme Court
McCullough v.
Maryland (1819)
•
•
Federalism
Necessary and Proper
Clause
•
•
No state could tax a federally chartered bank
Established the principle of national supremacyConstitution and fed. Law overrule state laws
Gibbons v. Ogden
(1824)
•
•
Federalism
Interstate commerce
•
States may regulate only what is solely intrastate
trade (within their state)
Federal government regulates interstate trade
•
Worchester v.
Georgia (1832)
•
•
Dred Scott v. Sanford •
(1857)
Federalism
Rights of Ethnic/ Racial
Groups
•
Civil Liberties
•
•
•
Plessy v. Ferguson
(1896)
•
•
Rights of Ethnic/ Racial
Groups
Equal Protection (14th)
•
•
Federal government has the jurisdiction over
Native American nations
Defied by Jackson- led to Indian Removal Act
Ruled that African Americans were not citizens- but
were property of their owners
Made the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Upheld Louisiana law providing for separate but
equal accommodations for blacks and whites
Made segregation legal
SUPREME COURT CASES
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLE
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
Schenck v. United
States (1919)
•
Civil Liberties- limited
during wartime
•
•
Limits on free speech; right is not absolute
Defendant’s actions (war flyers) posed a clear and
present danger to the security of U.S. during war
Korematsu v. United •
States (1944)
•
Civil Liberties
Equal Protection (14th)
•
Upheld the power of the President to limit civil
liberties during war
Japanese Internment Camps were legal
•
Brown v. Board of
Education of Topeka
Kansas (1954)
•
•
Equal Protection(14th)
Federalism
•
•
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) •
•
Criminal Procedures
4th & 14th Amendments
•
•
Court overturns Plessy v. Ferguson separate but
equal doctrine
Ruled segregation illegal (violates 14th Amendment)
4th&14th Amendments protect against illegal
searches
Exclusionary rule- evidence found without a
warrant can’t be used in couty
Engel v.Vitale (1962) •
•
Civil Liberties
1st & 14th Amendments
•
Reciting prayer in school violated 1st & 14th
Amendments
Gideon v.
Wainwright (1963)
Criminal Procedures
6th & 14th Amendments
•
6th and 14th Amendments require that states provide
a lawyer to those who cannot afford one
•
•
SUPREME COURT
COURT CASE
CONSTITUTIONAL
PRINCIPLES
Miranda v. Arizona
(1966)
•
•
Criminal Procedures
5th & 14th Amendments
OUTCOME/ IMPORTANCE
•
•
Tinker v. Des Moines
(1969)
•
•
1st Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
•
Established requirement prior to questioning to inform
those accused of crimes that they have certain rights
Evidence obtained without this warning apply to the
exclusionary rule
Neither students nor teachers shed their rights at the
school gate (arm bands)
Symbolic, silent expression of opinion is protected
under 1st Amendment
New York Times Co.
v. United States
(1971)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
•
•
1st Amendment
National Power
•
Upheld 1st Amendment- freedom of press (Pentagon
Papers)
•
Rights of Women/ Privacy
•
State laws making abortions illegal were
unconstitutional (with certain limits)
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
•
•
4th Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
Schools must have reasonable grounds to search
students’ possessions
Vernonia School
District v. Acton
•
•
4th Amendment
Students’ Rights/ Safe
Schools
•
Drug-testing student athletes does not violate the 4th
or 14th Amendment
GEOGRAPHY
FEATURE
Louisiana Purchase
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Purchased from France by Thomas Jefferson
for 15 million dollars
Part of Manifest Destiny
•
•
•
Doubled size of U.S.
Gained control of Mississippi
New territories in the Plains
•
Connected the Atlantic Ocean (at NYC)
through the Great Lakes into the interior of
the U.S.
•
•
Lowered shipping costs
New York became major port
•
Acquired as part of Mexican Cession
(Mexican War)
Part of Manifest Destiny
•
•
Completed Manifest Destiny
Discovery of gold
Acquired in 1903 with a treaty with Panama
Wanted to build a canal across the piece of
land connecting North and South America
•
Able to move ships from
Atlantic to Pacific easily
Canal was returned to Panama
in 1999
Two explorers were sent out to observe the
lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase and
to find a water route to the Pacific
•
•
•
Erie Canal
California 1840s
•
Panama Canal
Lewis & Clark
Expedition
IMPORTANCE TO U.S.
•
•
•
•
Their data and maps were
contributed to the nation’s
expansion
GEOGRAPHY
FEATURE
Interstate Highway
System
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Widespread use of the automobile and the
growth of suburbs led to a need for
highways
Eisenhower passed Federal Highway Act of
1956
•
U.S. wanted control of the Western
Hemisphere
Warned foreign powers to stay out of
Latin America
•
The newly acquired lands of the West
needed to be settled
Offered 160 acres to anyone wanting to
settle in the West
•
Help to expand the United States
and de-crowd cities of the East
•
•
U.S. policy of imperialism
•
The Spanish-American War- Spain gave U.S. •
the Philippines for $20 million
•
U.S. seen as a major world power
Policy of imperialism increases
Port in Southeast Asia
•
•
Growth of industry
Need to connect the North to the South
to the East and West
United States was connected
across the country
Made industry much easier
•
•
Monroe Doctrine
•
•
Homestead Act
•
•
Acquisition of
Philippines
Transcontinental
Railroad
IMPORTANCE TO THE U.S.
•
•
•
•
44,000 mile network of interstate
highways created in the U.S.
Cities were better connected to
the suburbs and transportation
was made easier
Used to support the Mexican
War
Showed U.S. policy of isolationism
was over
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
MIGRATION HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
IMPACT
Colonial
1600s-1700s
•
•
•
•
Wanted religious/ political freedoms
Job opportunities
Adventure to new lands
Settle on the East Coast
•
•
•
Settlement of the United States
Under mercantile policy
Desire for independence
Westward
Expansion 1800s
•
•
•
Manifest Destiny
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark Expedition
•
•
Conflict with the Native
Americans, Mexico, France
New lands and resources (gold)
Rural to Urban
1870-1920s
•
•
•
Industrialization led to urbanization
Job opportunities
Escape isolation
•
•
•
Pollution
Crowded tenements
Poor conditions
European
Immigration
1880-1910
•
•
Immigrants came over for industrial jobs
Settled on the East coast
•
•
Increased nativism
Quota Acts- limiting immigration
from certain areas
Dust Bowl
1930s
•
Extreme drought and overuse of the land left •
the Great Plains in ruins
•
People head out to California in
search of Gold
The Grapes of Wrath
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
MIGRATION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Suburbanization
1950s-1960s
•
•
Illegal immigration
1990- present
•
IMPACT
As cities grew- people needed more space
Invention of automobile and creation of highway
led to houses being built outside of the city
•
Mostly people from Mexico crossing over the
border to find jobs in the U.S.
•
•
•
•
Trail of Tears
•
•
•
African Americans
1860s-1880s
(Exodusters)
•
•
Forced migration of Native Americans to
reservations west of the Mississippi River
Indian Removal Policy
Worcester v. Georgia
•
After the Civil War, Africans wanted to escape
the memories of slavery
To escape the Ku Klux Klan, the White League
and the Jim Crow laws which continued to make
them second-class citizens after Reconstruction,
•
•
•
African Americans
WWI-The Great
Migration
WWII-The Second
Great Migration
•
•
Looked to the North for job opportunities and
decreased discrimination
Jim Crow Laws and increasing hostility and
violence
•
•
•
More people lived outside of the city and
commuted to work
Less crowded cities
Housing boom- new lifestyle
New laws trying to limit/ catch illegal
immigrants
Debate over whether a wall should be
built at the border
Cherokee and Seminole Indians were
forced to move from their homes
Government had control over Native
Americans
Exodusters was a name given to African
Americans who migrated from states
along the Mississippi River to Kansas in
the late nineteenth century, as part of the
Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879.
As many as forty thousand Exodusters
left the South to settle in Kansas,
Oklahoma and Colorado
Known as the Great Migrations
Found job opportunities
Still faced discrimination in the North,
Race Riots in Chicago after the war.
REFORM MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENT
AFRICAN
AMERICANS
ABOLITIONIST
PROBLEM
ACTIONS
•
•
•
Unfair treatment (before and after
slavery)
Discrimination
Segregation
•
•
Unfair treatment of blacks
Fight to end slavery
•
•
•
•
•
ASIAN
AMERICANS
LATINOS
•
•
•
•
NATIVE
AMERICANS
•
•
•
Civil Rights Movement (DuBois,
Washington, MLK, Malcolm X, Parks)
Brown v. Board of Education
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Associated with the underground
railroad
Douglass, Tubman, Truth, Gerrit Smith,
William Lloyd Garrison
Immigration laws preventing Asian
immigration into the U.S.
Japanese Internment Camps WWII
•
Korematsu v. United States
Illegal immigration laws preventing
immigration from Mexico
Working discrimination (low wages/
poor conditions)
•
•
Cesar Chavez
United Farm Workers- better wages
Indian Removal Act (Jackson)
Dawes Act (Americanization)
Reservations
•
Creation of the American Indian
Movement to make decisions
REFORM MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENT
PROBLEMS
WOMEN
•
•
•
Didn’t have the right to vote
Work discrimination
Stereotypes
•
•
•
•
Seneca Falls Convention (Stanton,
Anthony)
19th Amendment
Title IX
Equal Rights Amendment?
PEOPLE WITH
DISABILITIES
•
•
•
Excluded from everyday life
No education rights
No workplace rights
•
•
•
Dorothea Dix
Education for All Handicapped Child Act
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990
PROGRESSIVE
•
•
•
Corruption in government
Unsanitary conditions
Crowded tenements
•
•
Sinclair, Riis, Tarbell, and Norris
Muckrakers exposed the truths
•
•
•
•
Too many people were abusing
alcohol
Religious fundamentalism
18th Amendment
Repealed by the 21st- no one followed
the law
•
•
•
Poor working conditions
Long hours
Little pay
•
Creation of unions (AFL and Knights of
Labor)
Strikes for betting conditions
TEMPERANCE
LABOR
ACTIONS
•
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
George
Washington
Thomas Jefferson
Andrew Jackson
Abraham Lincoln
Andrew Johnson
YEARS IN
OFFICE
KNOWN FOR:
1789-1797
• Set precedents such as a cabinet and two terms
• Put down the Whiskey Rebellion (federal power)
• Foreign policy of neutrality (no entangling alliances)
1801-1809
• Author of the Declaration of Independence
• Opposed Federalists (limited, decentralized government)
• Negotiated the Louisiana Purchase from France
1829-1837
• Opposed Calhoun and nullification of 1828 tariff
• Native American Removal Policy
• “Spoils system”- gave jobs to supporters
1861-1869
• Used war powers to preserve the Union in Civil War
• Emancipation Proclamation & Gettysburg Address
• Assassinated before he could act on Reconstruction
1865-1869
• Impeached by the House over reconstruction policies
• 13th and 14th Amendments
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
Theodore
Roosevelt
William H. Taft
Woodrow
Wilson
Herbert Hoover
Franklin D.
Roosevelt
YEARS IN
OFFICE
KNOWN FOR:
1901-1909
• Square Deal programs (conservation, reforms, trust-bust)
• Roosevelt Corollary- expand influence in Latin America
• Foreign Policy- increase influence in Asia and Caribbean
1909-1913
• Dollar Diplomacy- military support to Latin America
• Continued Progressive Era policies
• Did not continue with conservation- split the party
1913-1921
• New Freedom program
• Anti-trust legislation and lowering of tariffs
• WWI; supported Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations
1929-1933
• Great Depression; opposed direct relief
• “Rugged individualism”
• Used federal troops vs. WWI veterans’ Bonus Army
1933-1945
•
•
•
•
New Deal (Relief Recovery Reform)- federal power
Court-packing Controversy
Japanese-American internment during WWII
Only president to serve more than 2 terms
PRESIDENTS
PRESIDENT
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
John F. Kennedy
Lyndon B.
Johnson
YEARS IN
OFFICE
1945-1953
1953-1961
1961-1963
1963-1969
KNOWN FOR:
•
•
•
•
•
Dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki WWII
Policy of containment during the Cold War
Supported the Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine
Fair Deal (continuum of New Deal)
Entered Korean War
• Issued the Eisenhower Doctrine
• Sent troops to Little Rock, Arkansas- integration
• Alaska and Hawaii become 49th and 50th states
•
•
•
•
New Frontier Program (containment)
Created the Peace Corps
Ended the Cuban Missile Crisis; but failed Bay of Pigs
Assassinated in 1963
• Great Society Program (antipoverty and civil rights)
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (expand Vietnam war)
• President during the bulk of Civil Rights Movement
PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
Richard M.
Nixon
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
YEARS IN
OFFICE
1969-1974
KNOWN FOR:
• Vietnamization policy of increased bombings; cease-fire
• Détente – relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union and
China
• Watergate Scandal led to resignation
1977-1981
• Supported human rights and Panama Canal treaties
• Camp David Accords- attempt at peace in Middle East
• Iranian Hostage Crisis
1981-1989
• Supply-side economics – gov’t works vs. individual initiative
• Wanted to keep communism out of Latin America
• Iran-Contra Scandal weakened popularity
George W. Bush 2001-2009
•
•
•
•
Close election vs. Gore (ballot recount in Florida)
No Child Left Behind & Dept. of Homeland Security
9/11 attacks- sent troops to Afghanistan
Sent troops to Iraq (WMDs)
FOREIGN POLICY
FOREIGN POLICY
Imperialism
Neutrality
Isolationism
DESCRIBE THE POLICY
SITUATIONS WHERE IF WAS USED
PRESIDENT
Spanish American War, Roosevelt
Corollary/Big Stick Policy, Dollar Diplomacy,
Hawaii, Pacific Islands
T. Roosevelt
Not taking sides in disputes among other
nationstrade is okay!
Pre-War 1812, no side w/ G.B. or Fr.
Thomas Jefferson
Pre-WW2, neutrality acts
FDR
Washington’s Farewell Address
Failures to ratify Treaty of Versailles to end
WWI, didn’t join League of Nations
Wilson
obtaining new lands for our own benefit
US Stay out of affairs of others
Taft
FDR
Pre-WW2 stay out of Europe/Asian Conflicts
Reliance on
International
Organizations
Mutual cooperation in health/welfare/peace
keeping and Collective Security
United Nations/NATO 1940s-today
Truman
WHO-World Health Organization
NAFTA-1990s-today
Bill Clinton
World Bank
Keeping Communisms from spreading
Containment
Post WW2/Cold War, Berlin Airlift, Korean
War, Vietnam War, NATO, Cuba-Bay of Pigs,
Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine
Truman
Eisenhower
JFK
Nations working together to keep peace
Collective Security
Detente
United Nations 1945-today
Truman to Obama
NATO 1940-today
Easing of the tensions of Cold War between
the US and USSR
SALT, Grain sales, Space Cooperation
Nixon, Ford
FOREIGN POLICY
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Washington’s
Neutrality
•
•
Monroe Doctrine •
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
The United States was a newly formed
country- weren’t strong enough yet
Washington wanted no entangling alliances
•
Success for a short while
Warn Europe not to try to get colonies
back, stay out of the Western Hemisphere
•
Europe stays out of the W.
Hemisphere, or we see it as a
threat
we will stay out of Europe
•
Manifest Destiny
•
Encourage Westward Expansion
•
US Fate to control all land
between AtlanticPacific
Roosevelt
Corollary
•
Extension of the Monroe Dontrine- wanted
to keep foreign influence out of Latin
America
U.S. acts as “international police power”
•
Success- associated with “Big
Stick” Policy
•
Open-Door
Policy
•
Want trade rights with China vs. European
Spheres of Influence
•
Equal trade with China, Sec. of
State John Hay
Wilson’s
Fourteen Points
•
After WWI,Wilson wanted to establish
peace to ensure no other world war
All about “self-determination”
•
Failure- Congress does not allow
U.S. to join League of Nations
WWII begins within 20 years
•
•
FOREIGN POLICY
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
Good
Neighbor
Policy
•
Improve relations with Latin America (FDR)
•
Less interventions, more
cooperation, repair damaged
relationship from Panama Canal
issues, positive
Lend-Lease
Act
•
•
U.S. was in its foreign policy of isolationism
This act allowed the U.S. to sell or lend war
materials to any country whose defense was
vital to the defense of the U.S.
•
Failure- helped to bring the U.S.
into WWII
Marshall Plan
•
•
Policy of containment during Cold War
Gave aid to Western Europe to rebuild
•
Success
Truman
Doctrine
•
Meet threat of communism with $financial
aid…democracy will flourish
•
US Aid to countries trying to resist
communism (Greece/Turkey)
Eisenhower
Doctrine/
Farewell
Address
•
In response to Suez Crisis, reaffirm support to
protect nations resisting Communism (now in
Middle East), Protect our oil interests
•
Success, able to get GB/Fr. to back
down, reaffirms superpower status,
challenge: commits us to military
intervention in region
Blockade of
Cuba
•
•
Policy of containment during Cold War
Trade embargo with Cuba
•
Success
OTHER FOREIGN POLICY ACTIONS
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
Nixon
Doctrine
•
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
Each ally nation was in charge of its own
security in general, United States would act as a
nuclear umbrella when requested.
Argued for the pursuit of peace through a
partnership with American allies.
Shifted the direction on international policies in
Asia, especially aiming for "Vietnamization of
the Vietnam War."
•
Cold War policy of détente
Nixon wanted to decrease tensions with USSR
•
Somewhat successful
Camp David •
Accords
Peace agreement between Israel and Egypt
under the leadership of Jimmy Carter
•
Successful at first, but peace still
does not exist in the Middle East
Reagan
Doctrine
a strategy to oppose the global influence of the •
Soviet Union during the final years of the Cold
War, US provided overt and covert aid to anticommunist guerrillas and resistance movements
in an effort to "roll back" Soviet-backed
communist governments in Africa, Asia, and
Latin America.
•
•
SALT
agreements
•
•
•
•
•
Scale back on the Vietnam war,
surrender/evaculation
Distraction: New York
Times/Pentagon Papers: the Johnson
Administration "systematically lied,
not only to the public but also to
Congress
Daniel Ellsburg,White House
Plumbers, charges dropped
Remained the centerpiece of
United States foreign policy from
the early 1980s until the end of the
Cold War in 1991
TURNING POINTS
EVENT
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
IMPACT
Declaration of
•
Independence 1776
•
The colonies wanted to be free from
British mercantile policies
Thomas Paine’s Common Sense promoted
independence
•
End of
Reconstruction
1877
After the Civil War, the South needed to
be restructured and restored
New amendments were added (13, 14,
15)
Southern states had to be readmitted
•
The United States was industrializing at a
rapid rate
There was a need to produce things at a
uniform, fast pace and to sell for cheap
prices
•
The United States was under a policy of
neutrality and wanted to stay out of the
European WWI
Zimmerman note, sinking of Lusitania,
and German U-Boats
•
•
•
•
•
Ford’s Assembly
Line 1913
•
•
U.S. entry into
WWI 1917
•
•
•
•
•
•
Leads to the fighting of the
American Revolution
After which the United States
becomes a free country
The United States becomes united
again
African Americans continued to face
discrimination in the South
The Great Migration
Ford’s assembly line changed the
way that industry works
Was able to make Model T cars that
his workers could afford
The US helps the Allies win the war
US is a major world power and
helps to outline the Treaty of
Versailles
TURNING POINTS
EVENT
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES IMPACT
Brown v. Board of
Education 1954
•
•
Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution 1964
•
•
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) stated that
•
segregation was legal as long as separate
but equal
Little Brown girl wanted to go to the
•
closer white school but was denied
Ruled that segregation was illegal
(overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) based
on 14th amendment rights
Forced integration of schools (Little
Rock)
Empowered the President as
commander in chief, to take all
necessary measures to repel any armed
attack against the forces of the US to
prevent further aggression
Used during the Vietnam war (Johnson)
•
Gave the president increased
powers in terms of the war in
Vietnam
Made the war even more unpopular
in the U.S.
•
Fall of the Berlin
Wall 1989
•
The Berlin Wall separated noncommunist West Berlin (Germany) from
communist East Berlin
•
•
Symbolized the end of the Cold War
Soviet Union became Russia again
9/11 attacks
2001
•
Terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon
•
Troops sent to Afghanistan to fight
the Taliban and al-Qaeda (Osama bin
Laden)
War on Terrorism
•
MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40)
ACTION
HISTORICAL CIRCUMSTANCES
(Causes)
War of 1812
•
British impressment of sailors/seize ships
•
TIE, no gains or big loses, US won
respect, freedom of seas issue is
NOT resolved
Civil War,
1861-1865
•
•
•
•
Extension of slavery
Sectional differences
Battles in Congress
N & S economic differences
•
•
•
Emancipation Proclamation
Slavery ended, 13th amendment
Reconstruction, Jim Crow Laws,
Freedman’s Bureau, exodus,
sharecropping/tenant farmers
Spanish
American War,
1898
•
•
•
Sympathy for Cuba, human rights
Expansion
Yellow journalism, DeLome Letter,
Maine sunk
•
US gained Puerto Rico, Guam,
Phillipines, Cuban independence
WWI, 1914-1918
•
•
•
•
•
MANIA
Zimmerman Note
Interference with US Shipping
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
US Entered in 1917,
•
Treaty of Versailles ended, we didn’t
sign
Restrictions on civil liberties, Red
Scare/Nativism/Anti-communist
•
Neutrality Acts, Ties to Allies, Failures of
appeasement, Pearl Harbor, interference
with US Shipping
•
WWII, 19391945
US entered Dec.
7, 1941
Results/Details
•
Cold War, containment, war crimes
trials, Red Scare/McCarthyism, GI Bill,
Baby Boom
MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40)
ACTION
HISTORICAL
CIRCUMSTANCES
*Cold War
•
•
Korean War
1950-1953
•
Vietnam War •
1960-1975
JFK, LBJ,
Nixon
SUCCESS/ FAILURE
No direct conflict between the
US and USSR
Surrogate wars (Korea, Vietnam,
Cuba)
•
•
Success for the U.S.
Soviet Union becomes Russia (non communist in
1990s)
Cold War conflict- Communist
North Korea invaded South
Korea, US helps South, Truman
Doctrine/Stop spread of
communism
•
•
Ends in a cease-fire, 38th//
Korea is still divided today with North Korea
being communist
DMZ
Cold War conflict- Communist
North Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)
was communist, US helps South,
Diem
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Unpopular war in the U.S.-Kent State, Marches on
Washington, Protest, 1968 Dem. Natl. Convention,
violent backlash
Failure for US- Vietnam all communist
My Lai Massacre, Tet Offensive, Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, Vietnamization
New Weapons Agent Orange, Napalm
New injuries for veterans
Leads to 26th amendment-18 yrs to vote
MAJOR WARS (PAGE 40)
ACTION
HISTORICAL
CIRCUMSTANCES
Persian Gulf
War
Dec. 1990February
1991
•
•
“War on
Terror”
•
•
•
•
•
•
SUCCESS/ FAILURE/DETAILS
Fought because Iraq invaded Kuwait •
Kuwait was the home of important
U.S. oil fields
Economic sanctions
Bases set up in Saudi Arabia (ally)
Kuwait liberated in less than two
weeks of military action (100
hours)
Operation Desert Storm – ended in a cease fire
and Iraq accepting all of the UN’s demands, 1991
Afghanistan9/11/01
IraqWMD, Weapons of mass
destruction, March 2003
Bombing of USS Cole
Taliban removed from power, parliamentary
democracy/elections, Osama Bin Laden went
into hiding, found and killed during the take
down
Saddam Hussein, went into hiding, found and put
on trial in his home, found guilty and executed
•
•
What’s
next?
TECHNOLOGY
INVENTION
POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Cotton Gin
•
•
•
Eli Whitney
Made picking cotton more efficient (faster/ cheaper/ easier)
Promoted cotton industry in the South
Steam Engines
•
•
Steamships and steam power helped American industry
Could run factories and ships by the power of steam
Assembly Line
•
•
Henry Ford- Model T Cars
Uniform products made quicker and sold for less= more sales
•
Controversial due to the storage of nuclear waste
Automobile
•
•
Henry Ford’s Model T
Transportation Revolution- creation of the suburbs and new freedom
Television
•
•
Connection to the world (news)
Idolizing movie stars
Computer
•
•
Communication Revolution
Internet
Nuclear Power
INDUSTRIALIZATION
CHARACTERISTIC POSITIVE/ NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Government Corruption
•
•
•
•
William “Boss” Tweed
Bribes for government decisions
Political machines control government decisions
Negatively impacts workers and conditions
Exploitation of Workers
•
•
•
•
Long working hours
Little pay
Poor conditions (working and living)
Leads to the establishment of unions
Overcrowding
•
•
•
Tenements are stuffed with families
Unsanitary and unsafe
Too many workers in one place
Monopolies/ Trusts
•
•
•
•
When one company controls an entire industry- can regulate prices
Example: Rockefeller’s Standard Oil
Unfair business practices
Unfair conditions for workers
Unsafe consumer goods
•
•
•
•
Rats/ feces in meat
Unregulated goods
Need for the government to step in
Muckrakers
INDUSTRIALIZATION
CHARACTERISTIC
POSITIVE/ NEGATICE EFFECTS
Destruction of natural
environment
•
•
•
To build cities- natural environment had to be spared
Loss of trees and beauty
Attempts at conservation (T. Roosevelt)
Increased immigration
•
•
•
•
1800s marked a time of increased immigration
New laws limiting immigrants from certain area (S+E Europe, Asia)
Nativism
Increased discrimination
New inventions
•
•
•
•
Subways, trains, street cars – better transportation
Elevators – rise of skyscrapers
Gas and electric lights
New water and sewage systems- improved quality of life
Labor Unions
•
•
•
•
American Federation of Labor and Knights of Labor
Fought for better wages and shorter work week
“Bread and butter” unionism
Opposed by big business- yellow dog contracts and black lists
Urbanization
•
•
•
•
Movement of people to cities
Crowded tenements
Pollution
Job opportunities
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Jane Addams
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Social settlement house movement (Hull House in Chicago)
Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1931- helped found NAACP
Susan B. Anthony
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Women’s rights leader from 1851-1906
Seneca Falls Women’s Convention
Yasir Arafat
Modern (1950spresent)
•
•
Leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization
Negotiated peace with the Clinton administration
Osama bin Laden
Modern (1990s2000s)
•
•
Leader of Al-Qaeda- responsible for 9/11 terrorist attacks
Killed in 2011
John C. Calhoun
1820s and 1830s
•
Resigned as Vice President under Jackson due to nullification
issue
Andrew Carnegie
Progressive (18901920)
•
•
Built Carnegie Steel Company
Believed in Social Darwinism- robber baron/ philanthropist
Fidel Castro
Modern (1950spresent)
•
•
Leader of Communist Cuba from 1951-2008
Cuban Missile Crisis; allied with the Soviet Union
Cesar Chavez
Modern (1960spresent)
•
Latino leader of California farm workers- formed UFW
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Dorothea Dix
Progressive (18901920)
•
Reformer who revolutionized mental health reform
Frederick
Douglass
1800s
•
Former slave and abolitionist involved in the Underground
Railroad
W.E.B. Du Bois
1800s
•
•
African American civil rights leader
Founder of the NAACP
“Duke” Ellington
1920s
•
•
Songwriter, band leader, and figure of Harlem Renaissance
Songs include “Take the A Train” and “Mood Indigo”
F. Scott Fitzgerald
1920s
•
•
Novelist whose works reflect the “Roaring Twenties”
The Great Gasby
Henry Ford
Progressive (18901920s)
•
•
Industrialist who headed the Ford Motor Company
Assembly line- mass-produced automobiles
Benjamin Franklin
1770s
•
•
Served on Declaration of Independence committee
Helped negotiate the end of American Revolution
Betty Friedan
Modern (1960spresent)
•
•
Women’s rights activist- wrote The Feminine Mystique
Helped found NOW and National Women’s Political Caucus
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Samuel Gompers
Industrial (1800s)
•
•
Founded the American Federation of Labor (craft union)
“Bread and Butter” unionism
Al Gore
Modern (1990present)
•
•
Vice President from 1993-2001- lost presidential election 2000
Nobel Peace Prize for work on Global Warming
Alexander
Hamilton
Colonial (1700s)
•
•
Wrote The Federalist Papers supporting ratifying Constitution
First Secretary of Treasury (supported a National Bank)
Langston Hughes
1920s
•
•
Leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance
Poet, playwright, and novelist- wrote about African Americans
Saddam Hussein
Modern (19902000s)
•
•
Iraqi dictator who invaded Kuwait causing Persian Gulf War
Hanged in 2006 for crimes against humanity
Martin Luther
King, Jr.
1950s and 1960s
•
•
Civil rights leader who used non-violence/ civil disobedience
Montgomery bus boycott, I Have A Dream; assassinated
Lewis and Clark
Early 1800s
•
Explorers sent out to search the lands of Louisiana Purchase
Douglas
MacArthur
1940s and 1950s
•
•
Led troops during WWII
Relieved of command after arguing with Truman over Korea
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Malcolm X
1950s and
1960s
•
•
Leader of the 1960s Black Power movement; opposite of MLK
Assassinated in 1965
Joseph McCarthy
1940s and
1950s
•
•
Led a campaign to root out suspected Communists in America
McCarthyism- investigating into private lives of public/entertainment
Frank Norris
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Wrote The Octopus to expose the unjust railroad industry
Muckraker
Thomas Paine
Colonial
(1700s)
•
Wrote the pamphlet Common Sense to gain support for
independence from Great Britain
Rosa Parks
1950s and
1960s
•
•
Civil Rights leader who refused to give up her bus seat
Sparked the Montgomery bus boycott and launched movement
Jacob Riis
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Book How the Other Half Lives exposed tenement housing
Muckraker
John D.
Rockefeller
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Founder of the Standard Oil Company (monopoly)
Robber baron/ philanthropist
Julius and Ethel
Rosenberg
1950s
•
Convicted and executed for treason during the McCarthy Era
IMPORTANT PEOPLE
PERSON
ERA
KNOWN FOR
Sacco and
Vanzetti
1920s
•
•
Italian immigrant/anarchists charged with robbery and murder
Anti-radical, anti-immigrant feelings led to their execution
Margaret Sanger
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Advocate for birth control and women’s rights
Founded Planned Parenthood (very controversial at the time)
Upton Sinclair
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
Wrote The Jungle exposing the meat packing industry
Muckraker
John Steinbeck
1930s
•
•
Wrote novels dealing with the problems of Great Depression
The Grapes of Wrath dealt with the Dust Bowl
Harriet Beecher
Stowe
1850s
•
Abolitionist whose book Uncle Tom’s Cabin focused on slavery and
contributed to the start of the Civil War
Booker T.
Washington
Progressive
(1890-1920)
•
•
African American leader
Founded the Tuskegee Institute- vocational training
John Peter
Zenger
Colonial
•
•
German immigrant, printer and journalist
Tried for criminal libel- found not guilty- freedom of the press