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C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
© 2001 by Prentice Hall, Inc.
C H A P T E R 17
Foreign Policy and National Defense
SECTION 1
Foreign Affairs and National Security
SECTION 2
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
SECTION 3
American Foreign Policy Overview
SECTION 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
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Chapter 17
SECTION 1
Foreign Affairs and National Security
• What is foreign policy?
• How can we differentiate between
isolationism and internationalism?
• How does the Department of State function?
• How do the Department of Defense and the
military departments function?
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Chapter 17, Section 1
Isolationism to Internationalism
•
•
For more than 150
years, the American
people were chiefly
interested in domestic
affairs, or what was
happening at home.
Foreign affairs, or the
nation’s relationships
with other countries,
were of little or no
concern.
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•
•
Isolationism, the
purposeful refusal to
become generally
involved in the affairs of
the rest of the world, was
American policy during
this time.
Since World War II,
however, U.S. policy has
featured a broadening of
American involvement in
global affairs.
Chapter 17, Section 1
Foreign Policy Defined
• A nation’s foreign policy is made up of all
the stands and actions that a nation takes in
every aspect of its relationships with other
countries.
• The President, the nation’s chief diplomat
and commander in chief of its armed forces,
has traditionally carried the major
responsibility for both the making and
conduct of foreign policy.
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Chapter 17, Section 1
The State Department
•
•
•
•
The State Department is headed by the secretary of
state, who ranks first among the members of the
President’s Cabinet.
An ambassador is a personal representative
appointed by the President to represent the nation in
matters of diplomacy.
The State Department issues passports, certificates
issued to citizens who travel or live abroad.
Diplomatic immunity is usually applied to
ambassadors and means that they are not subject to
the laws of state to which they are accredited.
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Chapter 17, Section 1
The Defense Department
This chart shows the chain of command of the American
military services.
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Chapter 17, Section 1
The Military Departments
The Department of the Army
•
•
The army is the largest and the
oldest of the armed services.
The army consists of standing
troops, or the Regular Army, and
its reserve units—the Army
National Guard and Army
Reserve.
The Department of the Navy
•
•
The navy’s major responsibilities
are for sea warfare and defense.
The U.S. Marine Corps, a
combat-ready land force, are
under the auspices of navy
command.
The Department of the Air Force
•
•
The air force is the youngest branch of the armed services.
The air force’s main responsibility is to serve as the nation’s first line of
defense.
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Chapter 17, Section 1
Section 1 Review
1. United States foreign policy might consist of any of the following
EXCEPT
(a) intrastate energy disputes.
(b) protection of overseas interests.
(c) international trade policy.
(d) sending diplomats to global conferences.
2. Under the principle of civilian control of the military,
(a) the military acts as an independent and autonomous body.
(b) military generals have unrestricted control of the armed forces.
(c) mandatory service is used as a means of recruitment.
(d) an officer of the people has ultimate control of the armed forces.
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Chapter 17, Section 1
SECTION 2
Other Foreign and Defense Agencies
• What agencies are involved in foreign and
defense policy?
• How do the CIA, NASA, and the Selective
Service System contribute to the nation’s
security?
• How does the INS affect our relations with
other nations and their citizens?
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Chapter 17, Section 2
The CIA and the INS
The CIA
•
•
•
The Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA) is a key part
of the foreign policy
establishment.
The CIA is responsible for
collecting, analyzing, and
reporting information for the
President and the NSC.
A full range of espionage, or
spying, activities are
undertaken by the CIA.
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The INS
•
•
The Immigration and
Naturalization Service (INS)
deals with persons who come
to the United States from
abroad to live and work, and
who may become naturalized
citizens.
The INS enforces immigration
laws and requirements and
administers benefits to
immigrants.
Chapter 17, Section 2
NASA and the Selective Service
NASA
• The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) is the independent
agency which deals with the nation’s space
policy.
The Selective Service
• The Selective Service System handles,
when necessary, the conscription—or
draft—of citizens for service in the armed
forces.
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Chapter 17, Section 2
Section 2 Review
1. Information gathering in foreign nations, or espionage, falls under
the auspices of
(a) the INS.
(b) the CIA.
(c) NASA.
(d) the EPA.
2. The Selective Service System handles matters involved with
(a) conscription.
(b) customer relations.
(c) staffing federal agencies.
(d) none of the above
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Chapter 17, Section 2
SECTION 3
American Foreign Policy Overview
• What were the themes in American foreign policy
through World War I?
• How did the two World Wars affect America’s
traditional policy of isolationism?
• What are the principles of collective security and
deterrence?
• How did the United States resist Soviet
aggression during the cold war?
• How can we describe American foreign policy
since the end of the cold war?
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Chapter 17, Section 3
Foreign Policy From Independence Through
World War I
• As stated in George Washington’s Farewell Address, for the next
150 years the United States practiced a policy of isolationism.
•
•
•
The Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned Europe to stay out of the
affairs of North and South America and established the United
States as the hegemonic power of the Western Hemisphere.
Throughout the nineteenth century, the United States expanded
across the North American continent through both land
purchases and acquisitions through war.
As the United States expanded commercially in the late
nineteenth century, so did the reach of its foreign policy, as seen
in the Good Neighbor policy in effect in Latin America during the
early 1900s, and the Open Door Policy for China during the
same time.
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Chapter 17, Section 3
World War I and World War II
World War I
•
•
The United States entered World War I after continued disruptions
of American commerce due to German submarine warfare.
After the defeat of Germany and the Central Powers, the nation
retreated to a policy of isolationism.
World War II
•
•
The bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 signaled the
United States entry in World War II, joining the Allies (Russia,
Great Britain, and China) fighting against the Axis Powers (Italy,
Japan, and Germany).
World War II led to a historic shift away from isolationism to an
increased role in global affairs by the United States.
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Chapter 17, Section 3
Two New Principles
Collective Security
• Collective security, approached by the United
States following World War II, involves a world
community in which most nations would agree to
act together against any nation that threatened the
peace.
Deterrence
• Deterrence is the policy of making America and its
allies so militarily strong that their very strength
will deter—discourage, or even prevent—any
attack.
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Chapter 17, Section 3
Resisting Soviet Aggression
The cold war was a period of more than 40 years during which relations between
the United States and the Soviet Union were tense, but did not result in direct
military action between the two.
The Truman Doctrine
The Truman Doctrine established the policy of containment, an effort to
“contain” the spread of communism throughout the nations of the world.
The Berlin Blockade
In 1948, the Soviet Union cut off all
land transit to West Berlin. The
United States responded with an
airlift of goods to the city.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
In 1962, it was discovered that the
Soviet Union was building missiles
on the island of Cuba. A heated
stand-off between the Soviet Union
and America ensued.
The Korean War
The Korean War was fought under
the auspices of the United Nations
after the forces of communist North
Korea invaded South Korea.
The War in Vietnam
The United States dedicated
thousands of troops in an effort to
resist aggression by communist
forces in Vietnam.
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Chapter 17, Section 3
Détente Through the Present
•
•
•
Following the U.S.
withdrawal from Vietnam,
the Nixon administration
embarked on a policy of
détente.
Détente is a French term
meaning “relaxation of
tensions.
Nixon would become the
first U.S. President to visit
mainland China in 1972.
He also visited Moscow
during his administration.
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•
•
The cold war came to an
end with the dissolution of
the Soviet Union in 1991.
January 1991 brought the
Persian Gulf War, with
American forces spearheading a multinational
force to drive Iraqi forces
out of Kuwait.
Chapter 17, Section 3
Section 3 Review
1. For much of the United States first 150 years, its foreign policy
was one of
(a) internationalism.
(b) isolationism.
(c) imperialism.
(d) commercialism.
2. Collective security refers to
(a) the goal of most of the nations of the world to act together to maintain the
peace.
(b) a free market ideal aimed at creating new markets for American goods.
(c) a policy of tariffs and duties to protect American industries.
(d) the goal of the United States to expand its borders.
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Chapter 17, Section 3
SECTION 4
Foreign Aid and Defense Alliances
• What are the two types of foreign aid?
• How can we describe United States foreign
aid policy?
• What are the major security alliances to
which the United States belongs?
• What is United States policy in the Middle
East?
• What role does the United Nations play, and
what problems does it face?
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Chapter 17, Section 4
Foreign Aid
• Foreign aid—economic and military aid to
other countries—has been a basic feature of
American foreign policy for more than 50 years.
• Most aid has been sent to those nations
regarded as the most critical to the realization
of this country’s foreign policy objectives.
• Most foreign aid money must be used to buy
American goods and products.
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Chapter 17, Section 4
Security Alliances
NATO
•
•
The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) was
formed to promote the
collective defense of Western
Europe.
Today, NATO’s purpose has
changed. With the collapse of
the Soviet Union, NATO’s
goals have broadened to
include peacekeeping roles,
such as in the Balkans, and
establishing a continued
relationship with Russia.
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Other Alliances
•
•
The United States is also part
of the Rio Pact with Canada
and Latin America, the
ANZUS pact with Australia
and New Zealand, as well as
other pacts in the Pacific
region.
The United States has also
taken an active interest in the
actions that unfold in the
Middle East, although
America is not part of any
formal alliance in the region.
Chapter 17, Section 4
The United Nations
•
•
•
•
The United Nations was formed following World War II to
promote peace and security across the globe.
The General Assembly acts as “the town meeting of the
world.”
Oversight and maintenance of international peace is
delegated to the UN Security Council, of which the United
States is a permanent member.
Peacekeeping missions, international aid to children and
women, and investigations and aid for world health services
are all examples of current United Nations functions.
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Chapter 17, Section 4
Section 4 Review
1. All of the following are examples of foreign aid EXCEPT
(a) the United States sending supplies to a region struck by an earthquake.
(b) the use of the military in overseas peacekeeping missions.
(c) block grants to States for immigration reform.
(d) monetary aid to rebuild the economies of Europe.
2. The United Nations has all of the following functions EXCEPT
(a) providing aid to children in emergency situations.
(b) intervention in the activities of sovereign nations.
(c) raising concerns over the global environment.
(d) attempting to guarantee basic human rights worldwide.
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Chapter 17, Section 4