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OUT OF MANY
A HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
Chapter 26
The Cold War Begins
1945-1952
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Part One:
Introduction
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Chapter Focus Questions
What steps did the Allies take to promote growth in
the postwar global economy?
How did the Truman Doctrine shape U.S. postwar
foreign policy?
How did the “Fair Deal” differ from the “New
Deal”?
What contributed to McCarthyism?
What were the most important trends of the 1950s?
What issues were at the center of the election in
1952?
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Part Two:
American Communities: University
of Washington, Seattle: Students
and Faculty Face the Cold War
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American Communities: University of Washington,
Seattle: Students and Faculty Face the Cold War
In 1948 philosophy professor Melvin Rader was falsely accused
of being a communist conspirator.
During the cold war era, the federal government was providing
substantial support for higher education through the G.I. Bill.
The student population at the University of Washington grew
rapidly and a strong sense of community among the students
grew, led by older, former soldiers.
The cold war put a damper on this community.
Wild charges of communist subversion led several states to
require state employees to take loyalty oaths.
In this repressed atmosphere, faculty members were dismissed,
students dropped out of school, and the free speech was
restrained on the campuses.
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Part Three:
Global Insecurities at
War’s End
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Financing the Future
Fears of the return of depression led the United
States to take a much more active international
stance.
The Soviet Union refused to ratify an agreement
that would rebuilt the world along capitalist
lines and bring aid to its people.
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The Division of Europe
Map: Divided Europe
FDR’s realism allowed him to recognize
that some kinds of spheres of influence
were inevitable for the winning powers.
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MAP 26.1 Divided Europe During the Cold War, Europe was divided into opposing
military alliances, the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact
(Communist bloc).
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The United Nations and Hopes for
Collective Security
The Allies created a world organization that
would mediate disputes between members
and impede aggressors.
The UN achieved great success with
humanitarian programs.
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Appointed to the UN delegation by President Harry Truman in 1946, Eleanor
Roosevelt (1884–1962) pressured the organization to adopt the Declaration of
Human Rights in 1948. In this photograph, taken in 1946, the former First Lady is
exchanging ideas with Warren Austin, also a delegate to the United Nations.
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Part Four:
The Policy of Containment
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The Truman Doctrine
While FDR favored diplomacy and compromise,
Truman was committed to a get-tough policy
with the Soviets.
When civil war threatened the governments in
Turkey and Greece, the United States warned of
a communist coup and provided $400 million to
defeat the rebels.
The Truman Doctrine committed the United
States to a policy of trying to contain
communism.
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The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan provided aid to rebuild Europe.
The plan had the long-term impact of revitalizing
the European capitalist economy and driving a
further wedge between the West and Soviet
Union.
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The Berlin Crisis and the Formation
of NATO
The gap widened when the western zones of
Germany merged.
When the Soviets cut off land access to West
Berlin, the United States airlifted supplies to the
city.
The United States also created an alliance of
anti-Soviet nations, NATO, and the Soviets
responded with the Warsaw Pact.
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Located deep within communist East Germany, West Berlin was suddenly cut off from
the West when Josef Stalin blockaded all surface traffic in an attempt to take over the
warn-torn city. Between June 1948 and May 1949, British and U.S. pilots made 272,000
flights, dropping food and fuel to civilians. The Berlin Airlift successfully foiled the
blockade, and the Soviet Union reopened access on May 12, 1949.
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Atomic Diplomacy
The American policy of containing
communism rested on the ability to stop its
expansion by military means.
After the Soviets developed nuclear weapons,
both sides amassed lethal stockpiles. The U.S.
and Soviets could not come up with a plan to
control them. Within a few years both sides
had a stockpile of hydrogen bombs.
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Part Five:
Cold War Liberalism
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“To Err is Truman”
The early years of the Truman presidency were plagued by
protests by Americans tired of war-time sacrifices.
An inability to bring troops home quickly or end rationing
hurt Truman’s popularity. Inflation spread and strikes
paralyzed the nation.
Congress blocked Truman’s proposals to revive the New
Deal.
In 1946, Republicans gained control of Congress and
started to undo the New Deal. Over Truman’s veto,
Republicans passed the Taft-Hartley bill that curtailed the
power of labor.
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Police and strikers confront each other in Los Angeles during one of many
postwar strikes in 1946. Employers wanted to cut wages, and workers refused to
give up the higher living standard achieved during the war
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The 1948 Election
Henry Wallace challenged Truman by running on the
Progressive ticket, a campaign effectively quashed by
red-baiting.
Truman repositioned himself to the left by discrediting
Congressional Republicans.
He also offered a liberal legislative package that
Congress defeated.
The Democrats split again over civil rights when
segregationists ran Strom Thurmond for president.
Map: The Election of 1948
Truman managed to hold on to the New Deal coalition and
won re-election.
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MAP 26.2 The Election of
l948 An initially unpopular
candidate, Harry Truman
made a whistle-stop tour of
the country by train to win
49.5 percent of the popular
vote to Dewey’s 45.1
percent.
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President Truman waves a copy of the Chicago Daily Tribune, printed before
the election results were in.
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The Fair Deal
In 1949, Truman proposed a package of reforms,
the Fair Deal.
Truman won some gains in public housing,
minimum wage and Social Security increases, but
little else.
Truman helped to define cold war liberalism as
promoting economic growth through expanded
foreign trade and federal expenditures, chiefly
defense.
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Part Six:
The Cold War at Home
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The National Security Act of 1947
The cold war triggered a massive reordering of governmental
power.
Established under the National Security Act of 1947, the
Defense Department became a huge and powerful
bureaucracy.
The Department of Defense and the National Science
Foundation pursued scientific research, especially related to
physics.
The CIA dwarfed the size of the State Department.
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Published in 1947, this full-color
comic book appeared as one of
many sensationalistic illustrations
of the threat of the “commie
menace” to Americans at home.
Approximately 4 million copies of
Is This Tomorrow? were printed,
the majority distributed to church
groups or sold for ten cents a
copy.
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The Loyalty-Security Program
Allegedly to combat subversive influences,
Truman promoted a loyalty program.
The attorney general published a list of
potentially subversive organizations.
Many groups disbanded and previous
membership in them destroyed individuals’
careers. A wide range of restrictions on
alleged subversives passed Congress.
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The Second Red Scare
The House Un-American Activities Committee
(HUAC) launched investigations into communist
influence in Hollywood.
A parade of friendly witnesses denounced
communists.
Many people gave names of suspect former friends
so that they themselves would be cleared and able
to work again.
A few witnesses (many blacklisted later) attacked
HUAC and a handful went to prison for contempt
of Congress.
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Spy Cases
Public anxieties were heightened when
former State Department advisor Alger Hiss
was accused of being a communist spy.
Richard Nixon pursued the charges.
Hiss went to jail for perjury.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were executed
despite worldwide protests.
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McCarthyism
Sen. Joseph McCarthy caused a sensation when he
charged that 205 communists worked for the State
Department.
His lack of evidence did not stop him from striking
a chord with many Americans.
McCarthyism attacked women’s organizations and
homosexuals.
McCarthy’s crusade was destroyed when he went
on national TV and appeared deranged, making
wild charges of communist infiltration of the Army.
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The tables turned on Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908–57) after he instigated an investigation
of the U.S. Army for harboring Communists. A special congressional committee then
investigated McCarthy for attempting to make the Army grant special privileges to his staff
aide, Private David Schine. During the televised hearings, Senator McCarthy discredited
himself. In December 1954, the Senate voted to censure him, thus robbing him of his power.
He died three years later.
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Part Seven:
Cold War Culture
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An Anxious Mood
But prosperity did not dispel American
anxiety over nuclear war and economic
depression.
Movies and plays reflected cold war
anxieties and alienation as well as anticommunism.
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Seeing History
The Hollywood
Film Invasion,
U.S.A.
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Edward Hopper (1882–1967) was the most well-known realist painter in the United States at
mid-century. Many of his paintings portray the starkness and often the loneliness of American
life, his cityscapes depicting empty streets or all-night restaurants where the few patrons sit at
a distance from each other. This painting, owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New
York, expresses the mood of alienation associated with Cold War culture.
SOURCE: Edward Hopper, (188201967), “Office in a Small City,” 1953. Oil on canvas, H. 28 in. W. 40 in. Signed (lower left) Edward Hopper,
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, George A. Hearn Fund, 1953. (53.183).
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The Family as Bulwark
Chart: U. S. Birthrate, 1900–80
The move to the suburbs, high levels of
consumption, and even the rush toward marriage
and parenthood illustrated these fears.
The baby boom and high consumer spending
changed the middle-class family.
To sustain support of larger families and high rates
of consumer spending, a growing number of
married, middle-class women sought employment.
Table: Distribution of Total Personal Income
Among Various Segments of the Population, 194770 (in percentages)
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FIGURE 26.2
U.S. Birth
Rate, 1900–
80 The bulge
of the “baby
boom,” a
leading
demographic
factor in the
postwar
economy,
stands out for
this fifty-year
period.
SOURCE: National
Archives and Records
Administration.
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The Family as Bulwark
Commentators bemoaned the destruction of the
traditional family that they linked to the threat
of communism.
High-profile experts weighed in with popular
books and articles about the dangers of women
who abandoned their housewife roles.
The conservative trend was also evident in
declining numbers of woman college graduates.
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This photograph, taken in 1955,
presents an ideal image of
domestic life for American
women during the Cold War.
This young mother sits with her
three small children in a wellequipped kitchen that depicts the
high standard of living that
symbolized the “American way
of life.”
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Military-Industrial Communities in the
West
The cold war impacted the West more than other
regions.
New military-industrial communities arose,
especially in California, and older communities
also benefited from federal spending.
To accommodate the burgeoning population, new
highway systems were built that created housing
sprawl, traffic congestion, air pollution, and strains
on local water supplies.
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Zeal for Democracy
The revitalization of patriotism during
World War II continued after the return of
peace.
The American Way became a popular theme
of public celebrations and patriotic messages
spread through public education.
Voices of protest arose but had little impact.
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Part Eight:
Stalemate for the Democrats
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Democratizing Japan and “Losing”
China
The United States achieved its greatest Asian
success in Japan where a host of reforms brought
an unprecedented degree of democracy and where
they received valuable military bases.
In China, Mao Zedong’s communist revolution
overthrew the corrupt, pro-American regime of
Jiang Jeishi.
The Truman administration was saddled with the
blame for having “lost” China.
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The Korean War
Map: The Korean War
When North Koreans attempted a forced reunification of the
peninsula, Truman called it an act of Soviet aggression.
Smarting from McCarthyite attacks, Truman felt compelled
to act.
With the Soviets boycotting the U.N., the Security Council
authorized sending in troops.
American forces, commanded by Douglas MacArthur, first
pushed North Koreans back to their side of the dividing line
and then went farther north.
Chinese troops pushed the U.N. forces back until a costly
stalemate settled in.
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MAP 26.3 The Korean
War The intensity of
battles underscored
the strategic
importance of Korea in
the cold war.
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By midcentury, General Douglas MacArthur (1880–1964) had earned a reputation as one of
the most flamboyant and controversial American generals. This photograph, taken in
September 1950, shows him during his finest hour as commander of the UN troops during
the Korean war. He is observing the shelling of enemy forces shortly before he led a brilliant
and successful amphibious landing at the Inchon peninsula. Nearly 1.8 million Americans
served in Korea.
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The Price of National Security
Criticized for bypassing Congress, Truman
explained that his authority came from NSC-68,
a National Security Council position paper that:
consolidated decision making
advocated a massive buildup of military power
The war left Korea devastated and greatly
expanded the containment principle far beyond
Europe.
The military stalemate left many Americans
disillusioned with the promise of easy victories.
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“I like Ike”:The Election of 1952
The Korean War also effectively ruined Truman’s
presidency, particularly after he fired General MacArthur.
After Truman said he would not run for re-election, the
Democratic Party turned to Adlai Stevenson, who offered no
solutions to the key problems.
Dwight Eisenhower was the Republican candidate and ran a
moderate campaign short on specifics.
His running mate, Richard Nixon, waged a relentless attack
on Stevenson.
Eisenhower effectively used the peace issue, pledging to go
to Korea to settle the war.
Republicans won control of the White House and Congress.
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On December 23, 1952,
Republican vice-presidential
candidate Richard M. Nixon
appeared on national television to
defend himself against charges
that he had taken illegal
campaign contributions. This
photograph shows him with one
of those gifts, a black-and-white
spotted cocker spaniel. He said:
“And our little girl Tricia, the six
year old, named it ‘Checkers.’
And you know, the kids, like all
kids, love the dog, and I just want
to say this, right now, that
regardless of what they say about
it, we’re going to keep it.” This
speech, which was simulcast on
radio, won the hearts of many
voters.
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Part Nine:
Conclusion
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