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SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 1: Inquiry Process “Science as inquiry is basic to science education and a controlling principle in the continuing organization and selection of students’ activities. Students at all grade levels and in every domain of science should have the opportunity to use scientific inquiry and develop the ability to think and act in ways associated with inquiry…” (National Science Education Standards, 1995). Inquiry Process establishes the basis for students’ learning in science. Students use scientific processes: questioning, planning and conducting investigations, using appropriate tools and techniques to gather data, thinking critically and logically about relationships between evidence and explanations, and communicating results. Concepts Concept 1: Observations, Questions, and Hypotheses Observe, ask questions, and make predictions. Concept 2: Scientific Testing (Investigating and Modeling) Participate in planning and conducting investigations, and recording data. Concept 3: Analysis and Conclusions Organize and analyze data; compare to predictions. Concept 4: Communication Communicate results of investigations. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S1C1 Concept Observations, Questions, and Hypotheses PO No. 1 Performance Objective Vocabulary organisms, events, environment, Formulate relevant questions about the properties of objects, organisms, and events in objects, properties, inquiry (questioning) the environment. § e.g.-Is it living or nonliving? Is it a solid, liquid, Notes/Integration/ Resources “Why” book Trade Book: Solid, Liquid or Gas? , What’s the World Made Of? or gas? What are its measurable properties? 2 Predict the results of an investigation (e.g., in animal life cycles, phases of matter, the water cycle). predict - M, investigation, results Trade Book: What Happens to a Hamburger?, From Eggs to Butterflies (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.9). Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 1 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S1C2 Concept Scientific Testing (Investigating and Modeling) PO No. 1 Performance Objective Vocabulary Notes/Integration/ Resources procedures, safety Demonstrate safe behavior and appropriate procedures (e.g., use of instruments, materials, organisms) in all science inquiry. Maintained from Kindergarten T: Be aware of safety precautions identified in individual teacher guides (goggles, scalpels, chemicals, etc.) T: guided investigation – teacher directed investigations where students follow specific steps. § e.g. Use caution when tasting and/or smelling in the classroom 2 Participate in guided investigations in life, physical, and earth and space sciences. 3 Use simple tools such as rulers, thermometers, magnifiers, and balances to collect data (U.S. customary units 4 § length – in feet, yards, miles § weight/mass – ounces, pounds § § capacity/volume – cups, pints, quarts, gallons temperature-Fahrenheit Record data from guided investigations in an organized and appropriate format (e.g., lab book, log, notebook, chart paper). § Trade Book: How your Body Works, Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), What’s the World Made Of? data, length - M, mass - M, capacity M, temperature - Fahrenheit, measurement, U.S. Customary units, measuring cup, yard stick, ruler, thermometer, magnifier, balance, weight - M, volume, inch - M, feet, yard, mile - M, ounce, pound, cup, gallon, pint - M, quart - M Trade Book: Weather Watching, (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10) record, data Trade Book: States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10) Use at least three different formats to record data: • chart paper • student booklet • white board • lab book • notebook • written log Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 2 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S1C3 Concept Analysis and Conclusions PO No. Performance Objective Vocabulary 1 Organize data using graphs (i.e., pictograph, tally chart), tables, and journals. 2 Construct reasonable explanations of observations on the basis of data obtained (e.g., Based on the data, does this make sense? Could this really happen?). 3 Compare the results of the investigation to predictions made prior to the investigation. 4 conclusions, investigations Generate questions for possible future investigations based on the conclusions of the investigation. data, pictograph - M, tally chart - M, graphs - M, label, columns - M, key - M, picture graph - M, pictograph - M, bar graph, rows - M, tally marks - M, title M, symbol, journal, table Notes/Integration/ Resources Harcourt, “Lemonade for Sale” Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) investigation, predictions Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 3 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S1C4 Concept Communication PO No. Performance Objective Vocabulary 1 Communicate the results and conclusions of an investigation (e.g., verbal, drawn, or written). conclusion, results 2 Communicate with other groups to describe the results of an investigation. Maintain from Kindergarten investigation, results § Use effective vocabulary and logical organization to relate or summarize ideas, events and other information. Maintain from Grade 1 Notes/Integration/ Resources Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Trade Book: Life Cycles (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 4 SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 2: History and Nature of Science Knowledge of the nature of science is central to the understanding of the scientific enterprise” (National Assessment of Educational Progress, 2000). Scientific investigation grows from the contributions of many people. History and Nature of Science emphasizes the importance of the inclusion of historical perspectives and the advances that each new development brings to technology and human knowledge. This strand focuses on the human aspects of science and the role that scientists play in the development of various cultures. Concepts Concept 1: History of Science as a Human Endeavor Identify individual and cultural contributions to scientific knowledge. Concept 2: Nature of Scientific Knowledge Understand how science is a process for generating knowledge. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S2C1 Concept History of Science as a Human Endeavor PO No. 1 Performance Objective Identify how diverse people and/or cultures, past and present, have made important contributions to scientific innovations (e.g., Daniel Hale Williams [physician], supports Strand 4; Charles Drew [physician], supports Strand 4; Elizabeth Blackwell [physician], supports Strand 4). Vocabulary Notes/Integration/ Resources diverse, culture. innovations Maintain from Kindergarten 2 Identify science-related career opportunities. § career e.g., biotechnology (S3, S4) meteorologist (S6) biologist (S4) family doctor (S4) cook/chef (S5) Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 5 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S2C2 Concept Nature of Scientific Knowledge PO No. 1 Performance Objective Identify components of familiar systems (e.g., organs of the digestive system, bicycle). § 2 § 3 S04C1-PO2, PO3 Trade Book: How Your Body Works, Human Body Book, The Respiratory System, subsystem, interdependent S04C1-PO2, PO3 Trade Book: How Your Body Works, Human Body Book, The Respiratory System, microscope, magnify Harcourt – plants book 1 theme 3 “The Secret Life of Trees” “From Seeds to Plant” district slides in Basic Science kit flex cam / microscope Trade Book: How Your Body Works, Human Body Book, The Respiratory System, circulatory system – heart, arteries, veins, blood (S4) school system – principal, teachers, students Identify parts of a system too small to be seen (e.g., plant and animal cells). § Notes/Integration/ Resources components, system e.g., bicycle – gears, chain, wheels, brakes, etc. digestive system – mouth, teeth, saliva, stomach, intestines, etc. Identify the following characteristics of a system: • consists of multiple parts or subsystems • parts work interdependently § Vocabulary blood cells Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 6 SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 3: Science in Personal and Social Perspectives Science in Personal and Social Perspectives emphasizes developing the ability to design a solution to a problem, to understand the relationship between science and technology, and the ways people are involved in both. Students understand the impact of science and technology on human activity and the environment. This strand affords students the opportunity to understand their place in the world – as living creatures, consumers, decision makers, problem solvers, managers, and planners. Concepts Concept 1: Changes in Environments Describe the interactions between human populations, natural hazards, and the environment. No performance objectives at this grade level. Concept 2: Science and Technology in Society Understand the impact of technology. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S3C2 Concept Science and Technology in Society PO No. 1 Performance Objective Analyze how various technologies impact aspects of people’s lives (e.g., entertainment, medicine, transportation, communication). § technology, analyze, impact Notes/Integration/ Resources Transportation + Soc. Studies. e.g., entertainment – MP3 players medicine – defibrillator transportation – motorized scooter communication – picture cell phones 2 Describe important technological contributions made by people, past and present: • automobile – Henry Ford • airplane – Wilbur and Orville Wright • telephone – Alexander G. Bell 3 Identify a simple problem that could be solved by using a suitable tool. § Vocabulary Harcourt “Mr. Putter & Tabby Fly a Plane” “Ruth Law Thrills a Nation” e.g.-dripping faucet – wrench flat bicycle tire – bike pump Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 7 SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 4: Life Science “The fundamental goal of life sciences is to attempt to understand and explain the nature of life” (NAEP 2000). Life Science expands students’ biological understanding of life by focusing on the characteristics of living things, the diversity of life, and how organisms and populations change over time in terms of biological adaptation and genetics. This understanding includes the relationship of structures to their functions and life cycles, interrelationships of matter and energy in living organisms, and the interactions of living organisms with their environment. Concepts Concept 1: Characteristics of Organisms Understand that basic structures in plants and animals serve a function. Concept 2: Life Cycles Understand the life cycles of plants and animals. Concept 3: Organisms and Environments Understand the relationships among various organisms and their environment. No performance objectives at this grade level. Concept 4: Diversity, Adaptation, and Behavior Identify plant and animal adaptations. No performance objectives at this grade level. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S4C1 Concept Characteristics of Organisms PO No. 1 Performance Objective Vocabulary structure, functions, organisms, Identify animal structures that serve different functions (e.g., sensory, defense, locomotion). sensory, defense, locomotion § § § Sensory - eyes, ears, tongue, echolocation, skin, nose Defense - camouflage, poisons, quills, Notes/Integration/ Resources “The Mixed-Up Chameleon” “The Emperor Penguin” “Dear Mr. Blueberry” Trade Book: From Eggs to Butterflies (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.9), The Story of Butterflies Locomotion - wings, feet, undulation (serpentine manner) Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 8 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number Concept S4C1 (cont.) S4C2 Life Cycles PO No. Performance Objective Vocabulary 2 Identify the following major parts of: • the digestive system – mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines • respiratory system – nose, trachea (windpipe), lungs, diaphragm • circulatory system – heart, arteries, veins, blood mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, nose, trachea, lungs, diaphragm, heart, arteries, veins, blood 3 Describe the basic functions of the following systems: • digestive – breakdown and absorption of food, disposal of waste • respiratory – exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • circulatory – transportation of nutrients and oxygen throughout the body absorption, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste 1 Describe the life cycles of various insects. complete metamorphosis, incomplete metamorphosis, egg, larva, pupa (chrysalis), adult, insect, § stages of life cycles § complete metamorphosis cycle (egg, larva, pupa, adult) incomplete metamorphosis cycle (cricket nymph looks like a small adult cricket) § 2 Describe the life cycles of various mammals. 3 § Growth (infant, child, adolescent, adult) Compare the life cycles of various organisms. § Complete vs. incomplete (butterfly vs. cricket) § § Mammals vs. insect (coyote vs. ant) Animal vs. plant (dog vs. cactus) Notes/Integration/ Resources Zardip Videos St. Joseph Children’s’ Aspirin commercial Trade Book: Hear Your Heart, How Your Body Works, Human Body Book, I Have a Weird Brother who Digested a Fly, The Respiratory System, What Happens to a Hamburger? Trade Book: Hear Your Heart, How Your Body Works, Human Body Book, I Have a Weird Brother who Digested a Fly, The Respiratory System, What Happens to a Hamburger? Trade Book: Butterfly House, From Eggs to Butterflies, (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.9), Life Cycles, (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), The Story of Butterflies mammal, adolescent, adult, infant Link to 2SC-S1 Trade Book: Butterfly House, From Eggs to Butterflies, (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.9), Life Cycles, (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.9, 2.W.2, AZ2.W.4, 2.W.7), The Story of Butterflies Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 9 SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 5: Physical Science The physical science component … should probe the following major topics: matter and its transformations, energy and its transformations, and the motion of things” (NAEP 2000). Physical Science affords students the opportunity to increase their understanding of the characteristics of objects and materials they encounter daily. Students gain an understanding of the nature of matter and energy, including their forms, the changes they undergo, and their interactions. By studying objects and the forces that act upon them, students develop an understanding of the fundamental laws of motion, knowledge of the various ways energy is stored in a system, and the processes by which energy is transferred between systems and surroundings. Concepts Concept 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Classify objects and materials by their observable properties. Concept 2: Position and Motion of Objects Understand spatial relationships and the way objects move. No performance objectives at this grade level Concept 3: Energy and Magnetism Investigate different forms of energy. No performance objectives at this grade level. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S5C1 Concept Properties of Objects and Materials PO No. Performance Objective Vocabulary Notes/Integration/ Resources 1 Describe objects in terms of measurable properties (e.g., length, volume, weight, temperature) using scientific tools. data, length - M, mass - M, capacity M, temperature - Fahrenheit, measurement, U.S. Customary units, measuring cup, yard stick, ruler, thermometer, magnifier, balance, weight - M, volume, inch - M, feet, yard, mile - M, ounce, pound, cup, gallon, pint - M, quart – M, properties Trade Book: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?, States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), What’s the World Made Of? 2 Classify materials as solids, liquids, or gases. solid, liquid, gas Trade Book: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?, States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), § e.g., Is it invisible? Does it change shape when moved to a different container? Does it hold its shape? Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 10 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S5C1 (cont.) Concept PO No. Performance Objective 3 Demonstrate that water can exist as a: • gas – vapor • liquid – water • solid – ice 4 Demonstrate that solids have a definite shape and that liquids and gases take the shape of their containers. Vocabulary vapor Notes/Integration/ Resources Trade Book: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?, States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), What’s the World Made Of? Trade Book: Solid, Liquid, or Gas?, States of Matter (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.RI.10), What’s the World Made Of? Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 11 SCIENCE Grade 2 Strand 6: Earth and Space Science “Earth science is the study of the planets, Earth’s composition, processes, environments and history, focusing on the solid Earth, and its interaction with air and water” (NAEP 2000). Earth and Space Science provides the foundation for students to develop an understanding of the Earth, its history, composition, and formative processes, and an understanding of the solar system and the universe. Students study the regularities of the interrelated systems of the natural world. In doing so, they develop understandings of the basic laws, theories, and models that explain the world (NSES, 1995). By studying the Earth from both a historical and current time frame, students can make informed decisions about issues affecting the planet on which they live. Concepts Concept 1: Properties of Earth Materials. Identify the basic properties of earth materials. No performance objectives at this grade level. Concept 2: Objects in the Sky Identify objects in the sky. No performance objectives at this grade level. Concept 3: Changes in the Earth and Sky Understand characteristics of weather conditions and climate. Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S6C3 Concept Changes in the Earth and Sky PO No. 1 Performance Objective Vocabulary Measure weather conditions (e.g., temperature, thermometer, barometer, Fahrenheit, degrees, gauge (rain), temperature, precipitation). Dusty’s Desert Home Trade Book: Catching the Wind (2.RI.10), The Cloud Book, Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Record weather conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation) Trade Book: Catching the Wind (2.RI.10), The Cloud Book, Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) precipitation 2 Notes/Integration/ Resources § e.g. keep weather calendar Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 12 SCIENCE Grade 2 Students should know and be able to… Concept Number S6C3 (cont.) Concept PO No. 3 4 Performance Objective Identify the following types of clouds: • cumulus • stratus • cirrus § cumulonimbus (monsoon cloud) § § nimbostratus Know the composition of a cloud § Associate each type of cloud with a different types of weather Analyze the relationship between clouds, temperature, and weather patterns. § observe and record connections between daily weather and cloud and temperature observations § § hurricanes, tornadoes in the news e.g. A cumulonimbus cloud = a thunderstorm = precipitation = lower temperature Vocabulary cumulus, stratus, cirrus, cumulonimbus, nimbostratus, moisture, vapor, condensation, monsoon Notes/Integration/ Resources Tomie DePoala “Clouds” Science Explore Weather and Climate (PrenticeHall) Link to S05C1PO3 (states of water) Trade Book: Catching the Wind (2.RI.10), The Cloud Book, Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Trade Book: Catching the Wind (2.RI.10), The Cloud Book, Weather Watching (2.RI.1, 2.RI.3, 2.RI.5, 2.RI.7, 2.W.2, 2.W.3) Plain text denotes Mesa Public Schools guidelines and/or performance objective. Bold text denotes exact wording and punctuation from the Arizona Academic Content Standard. The bulleted items with a performance objective indicate specific content to be taught. Italics denote a repetition of a performance objective (learned in an earlier grade) that is to be applied to grade level content or at a higher level of complexity. T = Teacher Information MPS Governing Board Approval May 10, 2005 13