Download Chapter 06

General Anatomy and
Physiology
Chapter 6
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Introduction
• Anatomy
– Study of body structures
• Physiology
– Study of body functions
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Eleven Body Systems
•
•
•
•
•
•
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Reproductive
Circulatory
•
•
•
•
•
Digestive
Respiratory
Lymphatic
Immune
Integumentary
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Body Planes and Directions
• Sagittal plane
– Divides body into left and right halves
• Transverse plane
– Divides body into upper and lower sections
• Frontal plane
– Divides body into front and back sections
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Dental Check
• The surface of a tooth that faces the
median line is the __________ surface.
– Mesial
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Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity
– Posterior portion of body
– Spinal canal and cranial cavity
• Ventral cavity
– Anterior portion of body
– Thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic
cavity
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Basic Structure and Functions
of the Cell
• Smallest basic unit of all systems
• Cells differ in appearance, function, and
structure based on their purpose
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Basic Structure and Functions
of the Cell
• Cell components:
–
–
–
–
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Chromosomes
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Skeletal System
• Functions:
– Support
– Movement
– Protection
– Manufacturing of red blood cells
– Storage of minerals
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Skeletal System
• Divisions:
– Axial
– Appendicular
• Number of bones
– Adult = 206
– Child = 270
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Skeletal System
• Composition of bone (osseous tissue)
– 20 percent water
– Two thirds of remainder are minerals or
inorganic matter
– One third of remainder is organic matter
• Cells, blood vessels, and cartilage
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Skeletal System
• Two types of bone
tissue:
– Cancellous bone
– Compact bone
• Osteoclast cells
• Periosteum
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Skeletal System
• Types of joints:
– Fibrous
– Cartilaginous
– Synovial
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Skeletal System
• Common diseases:
– Osteomyelitis
– Osteoporosis
– Cleft palate
– Fractures
– Temporomandibular joint disorder
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Dental Check
• What is the skeletal anatomy of particular
importance in dentistry?
– Cranial and facial bones, including the maxilla
and mandible
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Muscular System
• Functions:
– Provides body movement and posture
– Produces body heat
– Moves food along digestive tract
– Keeps heart beating
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Muscular System
• Types of muscles:
– Striated
– Cardiac
– Smooth
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Muscular System
• Muscular characteristics:
– Fibers
• Groups of muscle cells
– Excitability (irritability)
• Ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli
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Muscular System
• Muscular characteristics:
– Extensibility
• Muscle’s capacity to stretch
– Muscle tone
• Tension of muscular system
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Muscular System
• Muscle attachments:
– Tendons
– Aponeurosis
– Ligaments
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Muscular System
• How muscles work
– Antagonistic pairs:
• One muscle contracts as its corresponding
muscle relaxes
– Muscles use energy in form of glycogen
• Form of oxygen and glucose supplied via blood
system
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Muscular System
• Conditions and diseases:
– Strain
– Sprain
– Cramp
– Inflammation
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Muscular System
• Conditions and diseases:
– Spasm
– Atrophy
– Fibromyalgia
– Muscular dystrophy
– Myasthenia gravis
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Dental Check
• Which muscles are of significance to the
dental assistant personally when on the
job?
– Muscles of the lower back and neck
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Nervous System
• Functions:
– Transmits stimuli from outside and inside
body
– Serves as body’s communication system
– Maintains body’s unity and harmony through
response and transmitting
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Nervous System
• Structures:
– Brain
– Spinal cord
– Nerve cells
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Nervous System
• Spinal cord
– Center for reflex and involuntary response
– Transmits stimuli from body to brain
• Response sent back to organ or muscle
– 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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Nervous System
• Brain and cranial nerves
– Receive incoming stimuli and interpret and
process information
– 12 pairs of cranial nerves
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Nervous System
• Diseases:
– Neuritis
– Multiple sclerosis (MS)
– Parkinson’s disease
– Bell’s palsy
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Dental Check
• What types of procedures require the
dental assistant to have knowledge of the
nervous system?
– Administration of anesthesia and surgery
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Endocrine System and
Reproductive System
• Functions of endocrine system:
– Controls body’s growth
– Protects body in stressful situations by
releasing fight-or-flight hormone
– Promotes sexual development
– Regulates water balance and use of calcium
– Produces insulin
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Endocrine System
• Functions:
– Controls growth
– Protects from stress
– Controls development of sex characteristics
– Regulates use of calcium
– Regulates water balance
– Produces insulin
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Endocrine System and
Reproductive System
• Hormones
– Control internal environment of body from
cellular to organ level
– Similar to thermostats
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Endocrine System and
Reproductive System
• Dental concerns of reproductive system
– Main function of male and female
reproduction system:
• Creation of new life
– Protection of these systems should be
provided during certain procedures:
• Use of lead apron when exposing radiographs
• Adequate ventilation during nitrous oxide sedation
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Endocrine System and
Reproductive System
• Major glands of the endocrine system:
– Pituitary
– Thyroid
– Parathyroid
– Adrenal
– Pancreas
– Testes
– Ovaries
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Endocrine System and
Reproductive System
• Diseases and conditions:
– Diabetes mellitus
– Pregnancy
– Hypothyroidism
– Hyperthyroidism
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Circulatory System
• Functions:
– Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and
antibodies throughout body
– Removes waste
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Circulatory System
• Heart
– Pump that circulates blood throughout body
– Three layers:
• Pericardium
• Myocardium
• Endocardium
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Circulatory System
• Heart
– Atria
• Right and left upper chambers
– Ventricle
• Right and left lower chambers
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Circulatory System
• Heart valves
– Tricuspid
– Pulmonary
– Mitral
• Bicuspid
– Aortic
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Circulatory System
• Blood vessels
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Circulatory System
• Blood has three main functions:
– Transports nutrients, gases, waste, and
hormones
– Regulates body fluids, pH balance, and body
temperature
– Protects body from pathogens and blood loss
after injury
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Circulatory System
• Blood composition
– Plasma
• Liquid portion of blood
– Corpuscles
• Erythrocytes,
leukocytes, and
thrombocytes
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Circulatory System
• Blood groups
– Five types:
•
•
•
•
•
A
AB
B
O
ABO
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Circulatory System
• Pulmonary
circulation
• Systemic
circulation
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Circulatory System
• Diseases and conditions:
– Bacterial endocarditis
– Hemophilia
– Leukemia
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copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dental Check
• Why must the dental assistant be alert to
cardiovascular emergencies in the dental
office?
– For many patients, a visit to the dentist is
stressful; a person with a cardiovascular
disorder is at increased risk for a
cardiovascular emergency when stressed
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Digestive System
• Functions:
– Digestion
– Absorption
– Elimination
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Digestive System
• Parts:
– Alimentary canal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Duodenum
Large intestine
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Digestive System
• Parts:
– Accessory organs
•
•
•
•
•
•
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
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Digestive System
• Diseases and conditions:
– Tooth decay
– Periodontal disease
– Bulimia
– Hepatitis
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Respiratory System
• Functions:
– Supplying body with oxygen
– Exhaling waste product carbon dioxide
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Respiratory System
• Parts:
– Nose
– Pharynx
– Larynx
– Trachea
– Bronchi
– Lungs
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Respiratory System
• Diseases:
– Asthma
– Tuberculosis
– Lung cancer
– Cold
– Pneumonia
– Bronchitis
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Dental Check
• The use of what in a dental office may be
contraindicated in a patient with
respiratory disease?
– Nitrous oxide
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Lymphatic and Immune
Systems
• Function of
lymphatic system:
– Network of
vessels that drains
and filters tissue
fluid that
surrounds cells
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Lymphatic and Immune
Systems
• Parts of lymphatic system:
– Lymph
– Lymph vessels
– Lymph nodes
– Spleen
– Thymus gland
– Tonsils
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Lymphatic and Immune
Systems
• Function of immune system:
– Protects and defends body from foreign
invaders
• Immunity
– Nonspecific
– Specific
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Lymphatic and Immune
Systems
• Diseases and conditions:
– Tonsillitis
– Hodgkin’s disease
– Allergy
– Immune deficiency disease
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Integumentary System
• Functions:
– Protection
– Temperature regulation
– Metabolic regulation
– Prevention of water loss
– Synthesis of vitamin D
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Integumentary System
• Functions:
– Production of melatonin
– Production of keratinocytes
– Storage of water, fat, and vitamin D
– Would healing
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Integumentary System
• Parts:
– Skin
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Subcutaneous (hypodermis)
– Nails
– Hair
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Integumentary System
• Abnormal skin colorations:
– Albinism
– Cyanosis
– Erythema
– Hematoma
– Jaundice
– Pallor
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Integumentary System
• Diseases and conditions:
– Carcinoma
– Malignant melanoma
– Dermatitis
– Acne
– Cellulitis
– Warts
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Dental Check
• What abnormalities related to the
integumentary system should the dental
assistant take note of and report to the
dentist?
– Discolorations, lesions, sores, and rashes
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