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Micro-organisms (such as bacteria/fungi and viruses) require food, warmth, moist and well oxygenated conditions to grow best. Come up with a 3 points to these questions; 1. How does our body provide these conditions? 2. Then how our body protects us from being overrun The human body is in many places an ideal environment for bacteria / viruses / fungi ........ The moisture content is high It has a stable temperature 60% water Represents a large food resource Oxygen- our circulatory system is very efficient with our lungs, heart and network of blood capillaries delivering large quantities of oxygen every where around the body Value of 36.8±0.7 °C In our alimentary canal (mouth to anus) the food supply is constantly renewed It is not surprising then that hundreds of species, and billions of individual bacteria are living in and on most of us most of the time. If we are such a good environment – why aren’t we over-run? The human body has 3 lines of defence ...... Non-specific physical barriers -Skin -Mucus membranes / cilia - Hairs / sneeze/cough reflexes Inflammatory Response -Mast cells in connective tissue release histidine -Histidine causes vasodilation and capillary permeability which is swelling -Attracts phagocytes and lymphocytes by cytokines Phagocytosis Phogocytes engulf and then lysosome fuse with pathogen vacuole and then digest pathogens Releases more cytokines Non-specific chemical barriers -Acid in stomach -Sebaceous/sweat glands in skin lower pH -Tear/saliva contain lysozyme enzymes which digest pathogens Cytokines – chemical messengers -Causes migration of phagocytes -Complement cascade which helps clotting of site -Antimicrobial proteins attracted Natural Killer Cells Virus/cancer cells primary targets Pore in membrane, signal molecule Signals switch on suicide genes Vital DNA and protein not made Apoptosis occurs Immune system diseases Non specific immunity Disease survival mechanisms Physical & chemical barriers Infectious Disease Inflammatory Non-specific Cellular response Specific immunity Transmission Epidemiology Vaccination Public Health Immunological surveillance T cells B cells Clonal Selection theory BIG PICTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES • EXPLAIN THE ROLE OF LYMPHOCYTES, B CELLS AND T CELLS IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM • WORK IN PAIRS AND THEN SHARE WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNT CLASS FEEDBACK MORE WORKING TOGETHER; • PAIR WORKING • GROUP WORK • WHOLE CLASS COLLABORATION PAIR GET INTO PAIRS! • ONE PAIR TO RESEARCH T CELL AND OTHER PAIR TO EXAMINE B CELLS. • EACH PAIR WITH AN INFORMATION CARD ON THEIR CELL ALONGSIDE A TEXT BOOK (P321-325). • YOU NEED TO PRODUCE SUMMARY NOTES AND A POSTER ON THE ROLE OF THEIR GIVEN CELL. REVIEW / PLENARY • GET TOGETHER WITH A PAIR RESEARCHING THE SAME CELL. • TAKE A POST STICK • NOW GIVE SOME FEEDBACK; 2 POSITIVES AND 1 IMPROVEMENT HOMEWORK BE READY TO TEACH NEXT LESSON ...